Energy Processing and Smart Grid: (IEEE Press Series on Power and Energy Systems)

The first book in the field to incorporate fundamentals of energy systems and their applications to smart grid, along with advanced topics in modeling and control This book provides an overview of how multiple sources and loads are connected via power electronic devices. Issues of storage technologies are discussed, and a comparison summary is given to facilitate the design and selection of storage types. The need for real-time measurement and controls are pertinent in future grid, and this book dedicates several chapters to real-time measurements such as PMU, smart meters, communication scheme, and protocol and standards for processing and controls of energy options. Organized into nine sections, Energy Processing for the Smart Grid gives an introduction to the energy processing concepts/topics needed by students in electrical engineering or non-electrical engineering who need to work in areas of future grid development. It covers such modern topics as renewable energy, storage technologies, inverter and converter, power electronics, and metering and control for microgrid systems. In addition, this text: Provides the interface between the classical machines courses with current trends in energy processing and smart grid Details an understanding of three-phase networks, which is needed to determine voltages, currents, and power from source to sink under different load models and network configurations Introduces different energy sources including renewable and non-renewable energy resources with appropriate modeling characteristics and performance measures Covers the conversion and processing of these resources to meet different DC and AC load requirements Provides an overview and a case study of how multiple sources and loads are connected via power electronic devices Benefits most policy makers, students and manufacturing and practicing engineers, given the new trends in energy revolution and the desire to reduce carbon output Energy Processing for the Smart Grid is a helpful text for undergraduates and first year graduate students in a typical engineering program who have already taken network analysis and electromagnetic courses.

Table of Contents:
PREFACE xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii FOREWORD xv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Introduction 1 Bibliography 4 CHAPTER 2 ELECTRIC NETWORK ANALYSIS IN ENERGY PROCESSING AND SMART GRID 5 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 Complex Power Concepts 5 2.3 Review of AC-Circuit Analysis Using Phasor Diagrams 8 2.4 Polyphase Systems 9 2.5 Three-Phase Loads with Impedence Loads 13 2.6 Transformation of Y to Delta and Delta to Y 17 2.7 Summary of Phase and Line Voltages/Currents for Balanced Three-Phase Systems 19 2.8 Per-Unit Systems 22 2.9 Chapter Summary 27 Exercises 27 Bibliography 29 CHAPTER 3 MAGNETIC SYSTEMS FOR ENERGY PROCESSING 31 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Magnetic Fields 31 3.3 Equivalent Magnetic and Electric Circuits 34 3.4 Overview of Magnetic Materials 35 3.5 Hysteresis Loops and Hysteresis Losses in Ferromagnetic Materials 35 3.6 Definitions 38 3.7 Magnetic Circuit Losses 38 3.8 Producing Magnetic Flux in Air Gap 40 3.9 Rectangular-Shaped Magnetic Circuits 41 3.10 Chapter Summary 45 Exercises 45 Bibliography 47 CHAPTER 4 TRANSFORMERS 49 4.1 Introduction 49 4.2 First Two Maxwell’s Laws 50 4.3 Transformers 51 4.4 Ideal Single-Phase Transformer Models 56 4.5 Modeling a Transformer into Equivalent Circuits 59 4.6 Transformer Testing 65 4.7 Transformer Specifications 71 4.8 Three-Phase Power Transformers 72 4.9 New Advances in Transformer Technology: Solid-State Transformers 72 4.10 Chapter Summary 78 Exercises 78 Bibliography 82 CHAPTER 5 INDUCTION MACHINES 83 5.1 Introduction 83 5.2 Construction and Types of Induction Motors 83 5.3 Operating Principle 85 5.4 Basic Induction-Motor Concepts 86 5.5 Induction-Motor Slip 88 5.6 Rotor Current and Leakage Reactance 88 5.7 Rotor Copper Loss 91 5.8 Developing the Equivalent Circuit of Polyphase, Wound-Rotor Induction Motors 92 5.9 Computing Corresponding Torque of Induction Motors 96 5.10 Approximation Model for Induction Machines 97 5.11 Speed Control of Induction Motors 100 5.12 Application of Induction Motors 101 5.13 induction-Generator Principles 101 5.14 Chapter Summary 103 Exercises 104 Bibliography 106 CHAPTER 6 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 107 6.1 Introduction 107 6.2 Synchronous-Generator Construction 107 6.3 Exciters 108 6.4 Governors 110 6.5 Synchronous Generator Operating Principle 110 6.6 Equivalent Circuit of Synchronous Machines 112 6.7 Synchronous Generator Equivalent Circuits 113 6.8 Over Excitation and Under Excitation 114 6.9 Open-Circuit and Short-Circuit Characteristics 115 6.10 Performance Characteristics of Synchronous Machines 118 6.11 Generator Compounding Curve 122 6.12 Synchronous Generator Operating Alone: Concept of Infinite Bus 122 6.13 Initial Elementary Facts about Synchronous Machines 123 6.14 Cylindrical-Rotor Machines for Turbo Generators 125 6.15 Synchronous Machines with Effects of Saliency: Two-Reactance Theory 125 6.16 The Salient-Pole Machine 126 6.17 Synchronous Motors 128 6.18 Synchronous Machines and System Stability 131 6.19 Chapter Summary 135 Exercises 136 Bibliography 137 CHAPTER 7 DC MACHINES 139 7.1 Introduction 139 7.2 Conductor Moving in a Uniform Magnetic Field 139 7.3 Current-Carrying Conductor in a Uniform Magnetic Field 139 7.4 DC-Machine Construction and Nameplate Parameters 141 7.5 DC Machine Pertinent Nameplate Parameters 142 7.6 Development and Configuration of Equivalent Circuits of DC Machines 142 7.7 Classification of DC Machines 147 7.8 Voltage Regulation 151 7.9 Power Computation for DC Machines 151 7.10 Power Flow and Efficiency 152 7.11 DC Motors 155 7.12 Computation of Speed of DC Motors 155 7.13 DC-Machine Speed-Control Methods 163 7.14 Ward Leonard System 164 7.15 Chapter Summary 166 Exercises 167 Bibliography 168 CHAPTER 8 PERMANENT-MAGNET MOTORS 169 8.1 Introduction 169 8.2 Permanent-Magnet DC Motors 169 8.3 Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motors 177 8.4 Variants of Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motors 186 8.5 Chapter Summary 190 Bibliography 190 CHAPTER 9 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES 193 9.1 Introduction 193 9.2 Distributed Generation Concepts 193 9.3 DG Benefits 194 9.4 Working Definitions and Classifications of Renewable Energy 195 9.5 Renewable-Energy Penetration 218 9.6 Maximum Penetration Limits of Renewable-Energy Resources 218 9.7 Constraints to Implementation of Renewable Energy 219 Exercises 221 Bibliography 222 CHAPTER 10 STORAGE SYSTEMS IN THE SMART GRID 223 10.1 Introduction 223 10.2 Forms of Energy 223 10.3 Energy Storage Systems 223 10.4 Cost Benefits of Storage 239 10.5 Chapter Summary 244 Bibliography 244 CHAPTER 11 POWER ELECTRONICS 247 11.1 Introduction 247 11.2 Power Systems with Power Electronics Architecture 248 11.3 Elements of Power Electronics 249 11.4 Power Semiconductor Devices 249 11.5 Applications of Power Electronics Devices to Machine Control 276 11.6 Applications of Power Electronics Devices to Power System Devices 280 11.7 Applications of Power Electronics to Utility, Aerospace, and Shipping 281 11.8 Facts 282 11.9 Chapter Summary 286 Bibliography 287 CHAPTER 12 CONVERTERS AND INVERTERS 289 12.1 Introduction 289 12.2 Definitions 289 12.3 DC–DC Converters 290 12.4 Inverters 296 12.5 Rectifiers 301 12.6 Applications 312 12.7 Chapter Summary 320 Exercises 320 Bibliography 322 CHAPTER 13 MICROGRID APPLICATION DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY 323 13.1 Introduction to Microgrids 323 13.2 Types of Microgrids 324 13.3 Microgrid Architecture 325 13.4 Modeling of a Microgrid 330 13.5 Chapter Summary 332 Bibliography 333 CHAPTER 14 MICROGRID OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT 335 14.1 Perfomance Tools of a Microgrid 335 14.2 Microgrid Functions 337 14.3 IEEE Standards for Microgrids 344 14.4 Microgrid Benefits 346 14.5 Chapter Summary 349 Bibliography 349 CHAPTER 15 THE SMART GRID: AN INTRODUCTION 351 15.1 Evolution, Drivers, and the Need for Smart Grid 351 15.2 Comparison of Smart Grid with the Current Grid System 352 15.3 Architecture of a Smart Grid 353 15.4 Design for Smart-Grid Function for Bulk Power Systems 353 15.5 Smart-Grid Challenges 362 15.6 Design Structure and Procedure for Smart-Grid Best Practices 363 15.7 Chapter Summary 365 Bibliography 365 CHAPTER 16 SMART-GRID LAYERS AND CONTROL 367 16.1 Introduction 367 16.2 Controls for the Smart Grid 367 16.3 Layers of Smart Grid Within the Grid 373 16.4 Command, Control, and Communication Applications in Real Time 390 16.5 Hardware-in-the-Loop for Energy Processing and the Smart Grid 394 16.6 Evolution of Cyber-Physical Systems 394 16.7 Chapter Summary 396 Bibliography 397 CHAPTER 17 ENERGY PROCESSING AND SMART-GRID TEST BEDS 401 17.1 Introduction 401 17.2 Study of Available Test Beds for the Smart Grid 401 17.3 Smart Microgrid Test-Bed Design 403 17.4 Smart-Grid Test Beds 404 17.5 Smart-Grid Case Studies 405 17.6 Simulation Tools, Hardware, and Embedded Systems 408 17.7 Limitations of Existing Smart-Grid Test Beds 411 17.8 Chapter Summary 412 Bibliography 412 INDEX 415

About the Author :
JAMES A. MOMOH, PHD, is a Fellow at the Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineering (IEEE) and a Distinguished Fellow at the Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE). His current research activities for utility firms and government agencies span several areas in systems engineering, optimization, and energy systems control of terrestrial, space and naval complex and dynamic networks. Momoh was Chair of the Electrical Engineering Department at Howard University and Director of the Center for Energy Systems and Control.