Piping and Instrumentation Diagram Development
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Piping and Instrumentation Diagram Development

Piping and Instrumentation Diagram Development

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About the Book

An essential guide for developing and interpreting piping and instrumentation drawings Piping and Instrumentation Diagram Development is an important resource that offers the fundamental information needed for designers of process plants as well as a guide for other interested professionals. The author offers a proven, systemic approach to present the concepts of P&ID development which previously were deemed to be graspable only during practicing and not through training.  This comprehensive text offers the information needed in order to create P&ID for a variety of chemical industries such as: oil and gas industries; water and wastewater treatment industries; and food industries. The author outlines the basic development rules of piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID) and describes in detail the three main components of a process plant: equipment and other process items, control system, and utility system. Each step of the way, the text explores the skills needed to excel at P&ID, includes a wealth of illustrative examples, and describes the most effective practices. This vital resource: Offers a comprehensive resource that outlines a step-by-step guide for developing piping and instrumentation diagrams Includes helpful learning objectives and problem sets that are based on real-life examples Provides a wide range of original engineering flow drawing (P&ID) samples Includes PDF’s that contain notes explaining the reason for each piece on a P&ID and additional samples to help the reader create their own P&IDs Written for chemical engineers, mechanical engineers and other technical practitioners, Piping and Instrumentation Diagram Development reveals the fundamental steps needed for creating accurate blueprints that are the key elements for the design, operation, and maintenance of process industries.

Table of Contents:
Preface xix Acknowledgement xxiii About the Companion Website xxv Part I Fundamentals of P&ID Development 1 1 What Is P&ID 3 1.1 Why Is P&ID Important? 3 1.2 What Is a P&ID? 4 1.3 P&ID Media 4 1.4 P&ID Development Activity 5 2 Management of P&ID Development 9 2.1 Project of Developing P&IDs 9 2.2 P&ID Milestones 9 2.3 Involved Parties in P&ID Development 11 2.4 P&ID Set Owner 12 2.5 Required Quality of the P&ID in Each Stage of Development 12 2.6 P&ID Evolution 12 2.7 Tracking Changes in P&IDs 12 2.8 Required Man‐Hours for the Development of P&IDs 13 3 Anatomy of a P&ID Sheet 15 3.1 Title Block 15 3.2 Ownership Block 15 3.3 Reference Drawing Block 15 3.4 Revision Block 15 3.5 Comments Block 16 3.6 Main Body of a P&ID 19 4 General Rules in Drawing of P&IDs 21 4.1 Items on P&IDs 21 4.1.1 Pipes or Other Flow Conductors 21 4.1.2 Equipment 21 4.1.3 Instruments 21 4.1.4 Signals 22 4.2 How to Show Them: Visual Rules 22 4.2.1 Line Crossing Over 24 4.2.2 Equipment Crossing 25 4.2.3 Off‐Page Connector 26 4.2.4 Color in P&IDs 26 4.3 Item Identifiers in P&IDs 26 4.3.1 Symbols 27 4.3.2 Tags 28 4.3.3 Name 29 4.3.4 Technical Information 29 4.4 Different Types of P&IDs 32 4.4.1 Legend P&IDs 33 4.4.2 System P&IDs 34 4.4.3 Network P&IDs 34 4.4.4 Interarea P&IDs 34 4.4.5 Detail P&IDs 36 4.5 A Set of P&IDs 39 4.6 P&IDs Prepared in Engineering Companies Compared to Manufacturing or Fabricating Companies 42 4.7 Dealing with Vendor or Licensor P&IDs 43 5 Principles of P&ID Development 45 5.1 Plant Stakeholders 45 5.2 The Hierarchy of P&ID Development Rules 45 5.3 Plant Operations 46 5.3.1 Process Parameters 46 5.3.2 Process Parameter Levels 47 5.3.2.1 Pressure Levels 48 5.3.2.2 Temperature Levels 49 5.3.2.3 Liquid/Solid Levels 49 5.3.2.4 Flow Levels 50 5.3.2.5 Analyte Levels 50 5.3.3 Parameter Levels versus Control System 50 5.3.4 Parameter Levels versus Safety 51 5.3.5 Parameter Levels versus Operator Role 52 5.3.6 General Procedure of P&ID Development 53 5.4 What Should a P&ID Address? 53 5.4.1 Normal Operation 53 5.4.2 Nonroutine Operation 53 5.4.2.1 Reduced Capacity Operation 54 5.4.3 Reduced Efficiency Operation 57 5.4.4 Start‐Up Operations 58 5.4.5 Shutdown 59 5.4.6 Inspection and Maintenance 60 5.4.6.1 Quantitative Approach to Maintenance Requirement 60 5.4.6.2 Qualitative Approach to Maintenance Requirement 60 5.4.7 Operability in Absence of One Item 61 5.4.8 Provision for the Future 61 5.5 Conflicting Check and Merging Opportunities Check 63 5.5.1 Conflict Check 63 5.5.2 Merging Opportunities Check 63 5.6 Dealing with Common Challenges in P&ID Development 64 5.7 Example: Development of P&ID of a Typical Pump 65 Part II Pipes and Equipment 69 6 Pipes 71 6.1 Fluid Conductors: Pipes, Tubes, and Ducts 71 6.2 Pipe Identifiers 71 6.2.1 Pipe Symbol 71 6.2.2 Pipe Tag 71 6.2.2.1 Do All Pipes Need to be Tagged? 73 6.2.2.2 Which Span of Pipe Route can be Considered One Piece of Pipe? 73 6.2.2.3 How is the Pipe Tag Shown on a P&ID? 73 6.2.3 Pipe Off‐Page Connector 74 6.3 Pipe Tag Anatomy 74 6.3.1 Area or Project Number 74 6.3.2 Commodity Acronym 74 6.3.3 Pipe Material Specification Code 74 6.3.4 Pipe Size 77 6.3.5 Pipe Sequential Number 78 6.3.6 Other Pipe Tag Information 78 6.4 Pipes Crossing “Borders” 79 6.4.1 Implementing Spec Break 80 6.4.2 Reasons for a Spec Break 82 6.5 Goal of Piping 82 6.5.1 Magnitude of Flow in Pipe 83 6.5.2 Direction of Flow in Pipe 84 6.5.3 Providing Fluid with Enough Pressure at the Inlet 84 6.6 Piping Arrangements 84 6.6.1 Backflow Prevention Systems 85 6.6.2 Diversion of Flow 87 6.6.3 Distribution of Flow 87 6.7 Pipe Route 88 6.7.1 Slope 88 6.7.2 No Liquid Pocket 89 6.7.3 No Gas Pocket 89 6.7.4 Free Draining (Self‐Draining) 89 6.7.5 Free Venting 90 6.7.6 Gravity Flow 90 6.7.7 Vertical or Horizontal Pipe 90 6.7.8 Straight Piping 90 6.7.9 Minimum or Maximum Length or Distance 90 6.7.10 Other Special Pipe Routes 91 6.8 Piping Movement 91 6.9 Dealing with Unwanted Two‐Phase Flow in Pipes 92 6.9.1 Liquid–Gas Two‐Phase Flow 92 6.9.2 Gas–Liquid Two‐Phase Flow 94 6.9.3 Solid–Liquid Two‐Phase Flow 94 6.10 Tubes 94 6.11 Double–Wall Pipes 95 6.12 Pipes for Special Arrangements 96 6.12.1 Piping for Bypassing 96 6.12.2 Piping for Recirculation 96 6.12.3 Piping for Units in Series 96 6.12.4 Piping for Units in Parallel 97 6.12.5 Piping for Pressure Equalization 97 6.13 Pipe Size Rule of Thumbs 97 6.14 Pipe Appurtenances 97 6.14.1 Pipe Fittings 98 6.14.1.1 Pipe Direction Change 98 6.14.1.2 Reducers (Enlargers) 98 6.14.1.3 Three‐Way Connections 100 6.14.1.4 Pipe Connections 100 6.14.1.5 End‐of‐Pipe Systems 100 6.14.2 Specialty Items 102 6.14.2.1 Flange‐Insulating Gasket 102 6.15 Other Approach about Piping 103 6.16 “Merging” Pipes 103 6.17 Wrapping–Up: Addressing Requirements of Pipe during the Life Span 103 6.18 Transferring Bulk Solid Materials 104 Reference 104 7 Manual Valves and Automatic Valves 105 7.1 Valve Naming 105 7.2 Valve Functions 105 7.3 Valve Structure 105 7.4 Classification of Valves 105 7.4.1 Valve Plug: Throttling vs. Blocking Valves 106 7.4.2 Valve Selection 108 7.4.3 Multi‐port Valves 108 7.4.4 Double‐Seated Valves 110 7.5 Valve Operators 110 7.6 Different Types of Actuators 111 7.7 Basis of Operation for Automatic Valves 112 7.8 Tagging Automatic Valves 113 7.9 Tagging Manual Valves 113 7.10 Valve Positions 113 7.10.1 Regular Position of Blocking Valves and Decision Methodology 113 7.10.2 Failure Position of Automatic Valves and Decision Methodology 114 7.10.3 More Concepts about Failure Position of Automatic Valves 115 7.11 Valve Arrangement 117 7.11.1 Valves in Series 118 7.11.2 Valves in Parallel 118 7.12 Control Valves and RO Combinations 119 7.13 Operating in the Absence of Valves 119 7.13.1 Operating in the Absence of Control Valves 119 7.13.2 Operating in the Absence of Switching Valves 122 7.14 Valves in Role of Unit Operation 122 7.15 Special Valves 123 7.15.1 Check Valves 123 7.15.2 Regulators 124 7.15.3 Safety‐Related Valves 125 7.16 Valve Combinations 126 7.17 End of Valve Arrangements 126 7.18 Valve Sizing Rule of Thumbs 127 7.19 Merging Valves 127 7.20 Wrapping Up: Addressing Requirements of Valve During the Life Span 127 References 128 8 Provisions for Ease of Maintenance 129 8.1 Introduction 129 8.2 Different Types of Equipment Care 129 8.3 In‐place In‐line Equipment Care 129 8.4 In‐place Off‐line Equipment Care 130 8.5 In‐workshop Off‐line Equipment Care 131 8.6 Preparing Equipment for Off‐line Care 131 8.7 Isolation 131 8.7.1 Requirement of an Isolation System 131 8.7.2 Type of Isolation System 132 8.7.3 Placement of an Isolation System 135 8.7.4 Inbound Versus Outbound Blind Location 135 8.7.5 Merging Isolation Valves 135 8.8 Bringing the Equipment to a Non‐harmful Condition 136 8.8.1 Cooling Down 136 8.8.2 Emptying and Then Draining/Venting 136 8.8.2.1 Location and Number of Drain/Vent Valves 137 8.8.2.2 Size of Drain/Vent Valves 138 8.8.2.3 Other Usages of Drain/Vent Valves 138 8.9 Cleaning 139 8.9.1 Solid/Semi‐Solid Removal Methods 139 8.9.2 Washing Systems 139 8.9.3 Purging Methods 140 8.10 Ultimate Destination of Dirty Fluids 140 8.11 Making Equipment Easy to Remove 141 8.12 Wrap‐up 142 9 Containers 143 9.1 Introduction 143 9.2 Selection of Containers 143 9.3 Containers Purposes 144 9.4 Transferring Fluids Between Containers 145 9.5 Container Positions 146 9.6 Container Shapes 147 9.6.1 Closing Parts of Containers 148 9.6.2 Open Top or Fully Enclosed Containers 148 9.7 Container Identifiers 148 9.7.1 Container Symbol 148 9.7.2 Container Tags 149 9.7.3 Container Call‐outs 149 9.7.3.1 Tank Call‐outs 149 9.7.3.2 Vessel Call‐outs 150 9.7.3.3 Tag of Container in Duty of Conversion 151 9.8 Levels in Non‐flooded Liquid Containers 151 9.9 Container Nozzles 151 9.9.1 Nozzle Duties 151 9.9.2 Nozzle Locations 152 9.9.3 Nozzle Elevation Versus Liquid Levels 153 9.9.4 The Size, Number, and Rating of Nozzles 155 9.9.5 Merging Nozzles 155 9.9.6 Nozzle Internal Assemblies 156 9.9.7 Nozzle Externals 157 9.10 Overflow Nozzles 157 9.11 Breathing of Non‐flooded Containers 158 9.12 Blanketed Tanks 160 9.13 Heating (or Cooling) in Containers 161 9.14 Mixing in Containers 162 9.15 Container Internals 162 9.16 Tank Roofs 162 9.17 Tank Floors 163 9.18 Container Arrangement 164 9.19 Merging Containers 164 9.20 Secondary Containment 165 9.21 Underground Storage Tanks 166 9.22 Sumps 167 9.23 Wrapping‐up: Addressing the Requirements of the Container During its Lifespan 167 10 Pumps and Compressors 169 10.1 Introduction 169 10.2 Fluid Mover Roles 169 10.3 Types of Fluid Movers 169 10.4 A Brief Discussion on the Function of Fluid Movers in a System 169 10.5 Fluid Mover Identifiers 171 10.5.1 Fluid Mover Symbol 171 10.5.2 Fluid Mover Tag 171 10.5.3 Fluid Mover Call‐out 173 10.6 Liquid Movers: Dynamic Pumps 173 10.6.1 Centrifugal Pumps 173 10.6.1.1 P&ID Development on the Suction Side 174 10.6.1.2 P&ID Development on the Discharge Side 175 10.6.2 Low Flow Intolerance and Minimum Flow Protection System 176 10.6.2.1 Which Pumps May Need a Minimum Flow Pipe 176 10.6.2.2 Where Should we Position the Recirculation Line? 177 10.6.2.3 Where Should the Destination Point of the Recirculation Pipe Be? 177 10.6.2.4 What Should the Size of the Recirculation Pipe Be? 178 10.6.2.5 What Should the Arrangement on the Recirculation Pipe Be? 178 10.6.3 Cavitation 180 10.6.4 Very Small Centrifugal Pumps 181 10.6.5 Different Types of Spare Pump 182 10.6.6 Centrifugal Pump Arrangements 182 10.6.6.1 Centrifugal Pumps in Parallel 183 10.6.6.2 Centrifugal Pumps in Series 184 10.6.7 Pump Warm‐up or Cool‐down System 185 10.6.8 Piping Spec. for Centrifugal Pumps 187 10.6.9 Centrifugal Pump Drives 187 10.6.10 (Liquid) Seal Systems in Centrifugal Pumps 187 10.6.11 Merging Pumps 189 10.7 Liquid Movers: PD Pumps 190 10.7.1 PD Pump P&ID Piping 191 10.7.1.1 Reciprocating Pumps P&ID Piping 191 10.7.1.2 Rotary Pumps P&ID Piping 192 10.7.2 PD Pump Arrangements 193 10.7.3 Merging PD Pumps 193 10.7.4 Tying Together Dissimilar Pumps 193 10.7.5 PD Pump Drives 193 10.7.6 Sealing Systems for PD Pumps 194 10.7.7 Metering Pumps (Dosing Pumps) 194 10.7.8 Liquid Transfer – Summary 195 10.7.9 Pumps: Duty Other than Pumping! 195 10.8 Gas Movers: Fans, Blowers, Compressors 196 10.8.1 Low Flow Intolerance and Anti‐Surge Systems 196 10.8.2 P&ID Development of Gas Movers 197 10.8.3 Gas Mover Drives 198 10.8.4 Auxiliary Systems Around Fluid Movers 198 10.8.5 Gas Transfer – Summary 199 10.9 Wrapping‐up: Addressing Requirements of Fluid Movers During the Life Span 200 Reference 200 11 Heat Transfer Units 201 11.1 Introduction 201 11.2 Main Types of Heat Transfer Units 201 11.3 Different Types of Heat Exchangers and Their Selection 202 11.4 Different Types of Heat Transfer Fluids and Their Selection 203 11.5 Heat Exchangers: General Naming 204 11.6 Heat Exchanger Identifiers 204 11.6.1 Heat Exchanger Symbol 204 11.6.2 Heat Exchanger Tag 204 11.6.3 Heat Exchanger Call‐Out 205 11.7 Heat Exchanger P&ID 206 11.7.1 Vents and Drains 206 11.7.2 Isolation Valves 207 11.7.3 Chemical Cleaning Valves 207 11.7.4 PSDs 207 11.8 Heat Exchanger Arrangement 207 11.8.1 Heat Exchangers in Series 207 11.8.2 Heat Exchangers in Parallel 209 11.9 Aerial Coolers 209 11.9.1 Aerial Cooler P&ID 210 11.9.2 Dealing with Extreme Temperatures 211 11.9.3 Aerial Cooler Arrangement 211 11.10 Merging Heat Exchangers 212 11.11 Wrapping‐up: Addressing the Requirements of a Heat Exchanger During its Life Span 212 11.12 Fired Heaters and Furnaces 213 11.12.1 Process Fluid Side 213 11.12.2 Flue Gas Side 213 11.12.3 Firing Side 214 11.13 Fire Heater Arrangement 215 11.14 Merging Fired Heaters 216 11.15 Wrapping‐up: Addressing the Requirements of Fired Heaters During their Lifespan 216 12 Pressure Relief Devices 217 12.1 Introduction 217 12.2 Why Pressure Is So Important? 217 12.3 Dealing with Abnormal Pressures 217 12.3.1 Active Versus Passive Solutions 219 12.3.2 Where Could Passive Solutions Be Used? 219 12.3.3 Where Should Active Solutions Be Used? 219 12.4 Safety Relief System 219 12.5 What Is an “Enclosure,” and Which “Side” Should Be Protected? 220 12.6 Regulatory Issues Involved in PRVs 220 12.6.1 Codes Versus Standards 221 12.7 PRD Structure 222 12.8 Six Steps to Providing a Protective Layer 222 12.9 Locating PRDs 223 12.10 Positioning PRDs 223 12.11 Specifying the PRD 225 12.12 Selecting the Right Type of PRD 225 12.12.1 Pressure Relief Valve Type 225 12.12.2 Rupture Disks 226 12.12.3 Decision General Rules 226 12.13 PRD Identifiers 226 12.13.1 PRD Symbols and Tags 226 12.13.2 PRD Technical Information 227 12.14 Selecting the Right Type of PRD Arrangement 228 12.15 Deciding on an Emergency Release Collecting Network 230 12.16 Deciding on a Disposal System 232 12.16.1 Liquid Disposal 232 12.16.2 Gas/Vapor Disposal 233 12.16.3 Two‐Phase Flow Handling 234 12.17 Protecting Atmospheric Containers 235 12.18 Merging PRDs 236 12.19 Wrapping‐Up: Addressing the Requirements of PRDs During their Lifespan 238 Part III Instrumentation and Control System 239 13 Fundamentals of Instrumentation and Control 241 13.1 What Is Process Control? 241 13.2 Components of Process Control Against Violating Parameters 241 13.3 Parameters Versus Steering/Protecting Components 242 13.4 How Many Steering Loops Are Needed? 242 13.5 ICSS System Technology 243 13.5.1 Use of PLC for a BPCS 243 13.5.2 Use of DCS for a SIS 244 13.5.3 Alarm Systems 244 13.5.4 ICSS System Symbology 244 13.6 ICSS Elements 245 13.7 Basic Process Control System (BPCS) 245 13.8 Instruments on P&IDs 247 13.8.1 Fundamental Terminology 247 13.8.2 Identifiers for Equipment and Instrumentation 247 13.9 Instrument Identifiers 248 13.9.1 Acronyms 248 13.9.2 Divider Types 249 13.9.3 Symbol Type 250 13.9.4 Additional Information and Tag Number 252 13.10 Signals: Communication Between Instruments 252 13.10.1 Signal Types 253 13.10.2 Signal Functions 253 13.10.3 Signal Math Functions 254 13.10.4 Signal Selectors 254 13.11 Different Instrument Elements 255 13.11.1 Primary Instruments 255 13.11.1.1 Temperature Measurement 256 13.11.1.2 Pressure Measurement 257 13.11.1.3 Level Measurement 258 13.11.1.4 Flow Measurement 258 13.11.1.5 Process Analyzers 260 13.11.2 Transmitters 262 13.11.3 Controllers 263 13.11.4 Indicators 263 13.11.5 Final Control Elements in a BPCS 263 13.11.5.1 Control Valves 264 13.11.5.2 Variable Speed Devices on Electric Motors 264 13.12 Simple Control Loops 264 13.12.1 Level Control Loops 265 13.12.2 Pressure Control Loops 265 13.12.3 Temperature Control Loops 265 13.12.4 Composition Control Loops 266 13.12.5 Flow Control Loops 266 13.13 Position of Sensor Regarding Control Valves 266 14 Application of Control Architectures 269 14.1 Introduction 269 14.2 Control System Design 269 14.3 Selecting the Parameter to Control 269 14.4 Identifying the Manipulated Stream 270 14.5 Determining the Set Point 271 14.6 Building a Control Loop 272 14.6.1 Feedback Versus Feedforward 272 14.6.2 Single‐ versus Multiple‐Loop Control 273 14.7 Multi‐Loop Control Architectures 274 14.7.1 Cascade Control 274 14.8 Feedforward Plus Feedback Control 276 14.8.1 Ratio or Relationship Control 279 14.8.2 Selective Control 280 14.8.3 Override and Limit Control 281 14.8.3.1 Override Control 283 14.8.3.2 Limit Control 286 14.8.4 Split Range and Parallel Control 286 14.8.5 Clarification of Confusion 288 14.8.5.1 Cascade Versus Ratio 288 14.8.5.2 Single Loop Versus Ratio 288 14.8.5.3 Selective Versus Override 288 14.9 Monitoring Parameters 289 14.9.1 Container Sensors 290 14.9.2 Fluid Mover Sensors 290 14.9.3 Heat Exchanger Sensors 291 14.9.4 Fired Heater Sensors 291 15 Plant Process Control 293 15.1 Introduction 293 15.2 Plant‐Wide Control 293 15.3 Heat and Mass Balance Control 293 15.4 Surge Control 295 15.4.1 Disturbances in Process Parameters 295 15.4.2 Disturbance Management 296 15.4.2.1 Absorption 296 15.4.2.2 Rejection 296 15.4.3 Disturbance Versus Fluid Phase 296 15.4.4 Dampening Gas/Vapor Flow Surge 297 15.4.5 Dampening Liquid Flow Surge 298 15.4.6 The Purpose of Containers in Process Plants 301 15.5 Equipment Control 302 15.5.1 Do We Need to Control at All? 302 15.5.2 Principles of Equipment‐wise Control 302 15.6 Pipe Control System 304 15.6.1 Control of a Single Pipe 304 15.6.1.1 Control of Pressure in a Pipe 304 15.6.1.2 Control of Flow in a Pipe 304 15.6.2 Controlling Multiple Pipes 306 15.6.2.1 Flow Merging 306 15.6.2.2 Flow Splitting 308 15.7 Fluid Mover Control System 309 15.7.1 Pump Control Systems 310 15.7.1.1 Centrifugal Pump Control 310 15.7.1.2 Positive Displacement (PD) Pump 314 15.7.2 Gas Mover Control Systems 316 15.7.2.1 Capacity Control Methods for Gas Movers 316 15.7.3 Anti‐Surge Control 319 15.7.4 Lead–Lag Operation of Fluid‐Movers 319 15.8 Heat Transfer Equipment Control 320 15.8.1 Heat Exchanger Control System 320 15.8.1.1 Direct Control System 320 15.8.1.2 Bypass Control System 321 15.8.1.3 Control of Heat Exchangers Experiencing Phase Change 324 15.8.2 Air Cooler Control 327 15.8.3 Heat Exchanger for Heat Recovery 327 15.8.4 Back Pressure Control of Heat Exchangers 328 15.8.5 Fired Heater Control 328 15.9 Container Control System 331 15.10 Blanket Gas Control Systems 332 Reference 332 16 Plant Interlocks and Alarms 333 16.1 Introduction 333 16.2 Safety Strategies 333 16.3 Concept of a SIS 333 16.4 SIS Actions and SIS Types 333 16.5 SIS Extent 336 16.6 Deciding on the Required SIS 336 16.7 The Anatomy of a SIS 336 16.7.1 SIS Element Symbols 336 16.7.1.1 SIS Primary Elements: Sensors 337 16.7.2 SIS Final Elements 337 16.7.2.1 Switching Valves 337 16.7.2.2 Switching Valve Actuator Arrangements 338 16.7.2.3 Valve Position Validation 338 16.7.2.4 Merging a Switching Valve and a Control Valve 338 16.7.2.5 On/off Action of Electric Motors 339 16.7.3 SIS Logic 339 16.8 Showing Safety Instrumented Functions on P&IDs 340 16.9 Discrete Control 343 16.10 Alarm System 344 16.10.1 Anatomy of Alarm Systems 345 16.10.2 Alarm Requirements 345 16.10.3 Alarm System Symbology 346 16.10.4 Concept of “Common Alarm” 347 16.11 Fire and Gas Detection System (FGS) 347 16.11.1 Manual Alarm 350 16.12 Electric Motor Control 351 16.12.1 Simple Motor Control 351 16.12.2 The Focal Element of Motor Control: mcc 351 16.12.3 All About Relationships with Electric Motors 351 16.12.4 P&ID Representation of Commands and Responses 352 16.12.5 P&ID Representation of Principal Arrangement for Inspection and Repair 353 16.12.6 Examples 355 Part IV Utilities 357 17 Utilities 359 17.1 Utility System Components 359 17.2 Developing P&IDs for Utility Systems 359 17.2.1 Identifying the Utility Users 359 17.2.2 Utility Distribution and Collection Network Topologies 359 17.2.3 Designing the Detail of a Utility Network 361 17.2.4 Placing Priority on Utility Users 362 17.2.5 Connection Details of Utility to Process 363 17.3 Different Utilities in Plants 363 17.4 Air as a Utility in Process Plants 363 17.4.1 Instrument Air (IA) 363 17.4.2 Utility Air (UA) or Plant Air (PA) 364 17.5 Water as a Utility in Process Plants 364 17.5.1 Utility Water (UW) or Plant Water (PW) 364 17.5.2 Potable Water 364 17.6 Heat Transfer Media 364 17.6.1 Steam 365 17.7 Condensate Collection Network 366 17.8 Fuel as Utility 366 17.8.1 Fuel Oil 366 17.8.2 Fuel Gas 366 17.9 Inert Gas 367 17.9.1 Blanket Gas 367 17.9.2 Purging Gas 367 17.10 Vapor Collection Network 367 17.11 Emergency Vapor/Gas Release Collection Network 368 17.12 Fire Water 368 17.13 Surface Drainage Collection Network or Sewer System 370 17.14 Utility Circuits 372 17.14.1 Air Circuit 372 17.14.2 Steam–Condensate Circuit 374 17.14.3 Cooling Water Circuit 375 17.14.4 Natural Gas Preparation System 375 17.15 Connection Between Distribution and Collecting Networks 375 Part V Additional Information and General Procedure 379 18 Ancillary Systems and Additional Considerations 381 18.1 Introduction 381 18.2 Safety Issues 381 18.2.1 Different Types of Hazards 381 18.2.2 Hazards and Injuries 381 18.2.3 Mechanical Hazards 381 18.2.4 Chemical Hazards 382 18.2.5 Energy Hazards 382 18.2.5.1 Noise Barrier 382 18.2.5.2 Burning Prevention 382 18.2.6 Safety Showers and Eye Washers 383 18.3 Dealing with Environment 384 18.3.1 Arrangements for Maintaining the Temperature of the Process 384 18.3.2 Winterization 385 18.3.3 Deciding on the Extent of Insulation 389 18.3.4 Summary of Insulation 390 18.4 Utility Stations 390 18.5 Off‐Line Monitoring Programs 392 18.5.1 The Program Component 392 18.5.2 Sampling System 393 18.5.3 Sample Extraction Device 393 18.5.4 Sample Transferring Tube 394 18.5.5 Sample Conditioning System 394 18.5.6 Sample Hand‐Over System 395 18.5.7 Waste Sample Collection System 395 18.5.8 Sampling Station Structural Frame 395 18.5.9 Showing a Sampling System on P&IDs 396 18.5.10 Sampling System for Process Analyzers 396 18.6 Corrosion Monitoring Program 396 18.7 Impact of the Plant Model on the P&ID 397 18.8 Design Pressure and Temperature Considerations 398 18.8.1 Decision on “Design Pressure @ Design Temperature” Pair 399 18.8.1.1 Deciding on “Design Pressure” 399 18.8.1.2 Deciding on “Design Temperature” 399 18.8.2 Sources of Rebel Pressures 400 18.8.3 Sources of Rebel Temperatures 400 18.8.4 Design Pressure and Design Temperature of Single Process Elements 400 18.8.5 Design Pressure of Connected Items 401 18.8.5.1 Design Pressure of Connected Equipment–Equipment 402 18.8.5.2 Design Pressure of Connected Equipment–Sensor 403 19 General Procedures 405 19.1 Introduction 405 19.2 General Procedure for P&ID Development 405 19.2.1 P&ID Development: Piping and Equipment 405 19.2.2 P&ID Development: Control and Instruments 406 19.3 P&ID Reviewing and Checking 409 19.3.1 Format Check 409 19.3.2 Demonstration Rules Check 410 19.3.3 Technical Check 410 19.3.4 Design Check 412 19.4 Methods of P&ID Reviewing and Checking 412 19.4.1 Systematic Approach 412 19.4.2 Scanning Approach 412 19.5 Required Quality of P&IDs at Each Stage of Development 413 20 Examples 417 Index 453


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Product Details
  • ISBN-13: 9781119329336
  • Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Publisher Imprint: Wiley-AIChE
  • Height: 274 mm
  • No of Pages: 496
  • Returnable: N
  • Weight: 1588 gr
  • ISBN-10: 1119329337
  • Publisher Date: 10 May 2019
  • Binding: Hardback
  • Language: English
  • Returnable: N
  • Spine Width: 28 mm
  • Width: 214 mm


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    For any content that you submit, you grant Bookswagon a perpetual, irrevocable, royalty-free, transferable right and license to use, copy, modify, delete in its entirety, adapt, publish, translate, create derivative works from and/or sell, transfer, and/or distribute such content and/or incorporate such content into any form, medium or technology throughout the world without compensation to you. Additionally,  Bookswagon may transfer or share any personal information that you submit with its third-party service providers, including but not limited to Bazaarvoice, Inc. in accordance with  Privacy Policy


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