Universities as Complex Enterprises: How Academia Works, Why It Works These Ways, and Where the University Enterprise Is Headed(Stevens Institute Series on Complex Systems and Enterprises)

Explores the nature of academic enterprises, including why they work the way they do and where such enterprises are headed, with the goal of gaining insights into where change can and will happen This book looks at universities from a whole-enterprise perspective. It explores the steady escalation of the costs of higher education and uses a computational economic model of complex academic enterprises. This model includes component models of research, teaching, administration, and brand value. Understanding the relationships among practices, processes, structure, and ecosystem provides the basis for transforming academia, leveraging its strengths and overcoming its limitations. More specifically, this architecture helps the reader understand how various elements of the enterprise system either enable or hinder other elements of the system, all of which are embedded in a complex behavioral and social ecosystem. Each topic is explored in terms of the levels of the architecture at which it primarily functions.  Levers of change within each area are discussed, using many experiences of pursuing such issues in a range of academic enterprises. • Provides a new methodology by taking a more systems-oriented approach to education systems as a whole • Shows how various elements of the enterprise system either enable or hinder other elements of the system • Offers alternative strategies for transformation of academic enterprises Universities as Complex Enterprises: How Academia Works, Why It Works These Ways, and Where the University Enterprise Is Headed is a reference for systems scientists and engineers, economists, social scientists, and decision makers. William B. Rouse is the Alexander Crombie Humphreys Chair within the School of Systems & Enterprises and Director of the Center for Complex Systems and Enterprises at Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey.  He is also Professor Emeritus, and former Chair, of the School of Industrial and Systems Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia. Rouse has written hundreds of articles and book chapters, and has authored many books, including most recently Modeling and Visualization of Complex Systems and Enterprises (Wiley, 2015).

Table of Contents:
Preface xi 1 Introduction and Overview 1 Overall Approach 4 Universities as Complex Systems 5 Complex Adaptive Systems 6 Universities as Complex Adaptive Systems 8 Nonlinear, Dynamic Behavior 8 Independent Agents 8 Goals and Behaviors That Differ or Conflict 8 Intelligent and Learning Agents 9 Self‐Organization 9 No Single Point(s) of Control 9 Implications 9 Overview of Chapters 10 Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview 10 Chapter 2: Evolution of the Research University 10 Chapter 3: Mission and Structure 10 Chapter 4: Leadership and Governance 11 Chapter 5: Administration 11 Chapter 6: Money and Space 11 Chapter 7: Promotion and Tenure 11 Chapter 8: Education Programs 12 Chapter 9: Research and Intellectual Property 12 Chapter 10: Rankings and Brand Value 12 Chapter 11: Transformation Scenarios 12 Chapter 12: Exploring the Future 13 References 13 2 Evolution of the Research University 15 Early Universities in Europe 16 University of Bologna 16 University of Paris 17 University of Oxford 17 University of Padua 17 University of Cambridge 18 Summary 18 Early Universities in America 19 Humboldt’s Innovation 19 Morrill Acts 20 Bush and NSF 22 Engineering Science 24 Today’s Research Universities 24 Conclusions 26 References 27 3 Mission and Structure 29 Mission 29 Athletics 31 Structure 32 Ecosystem: Society and Government 32 Structure: Campuses, Colleges, Schools, and Departments 33 Processes: Education, Research, and Service 34 Practices: Education, Research, and Service 35 Research Centers 35 Appointments 38 Conclusions 39 References 39 4 Leadership and Governance 41 Leadership 42 Leadership and Change 42 Leadership and Time 44 Stewards of the Status Quo 46 Leading Research Centers 48 Leadership Experiences 49 Governance 51 Governing Boards 51 Administration and Faculty 51 Other Players 52 Governance Experiences 52 Conclusions 55 References 55 5 Administration 57 Number of Administrators and Costs 59 Performance Evaluation 61 Conflict Management 64 Conflicts within Organizations 64 Conflicts across Organizations 64 People Conflicts 65 Compliance and Abuse 66 Marketing and Communications 66 Book Series 67 The Costs of Conformity 67 Conclusions 68 References 69 6 Money and Space 71 Economics of Higher Education 72 Value of Education 72 Economists’ Views 73 Government Subsidies 74 Higher Education Bubble 74 Public Endowment 75 Costs of Higher Education 75 Cost Disease 75 Cost Analyses 76 Indirect Costs 77 Staffing Patterns 77 Student and Institutional Debt 78 Revenue: Tuition 79 Revenue: Government Dependencies 80 Revenue: Fundraising 81 Fundraising Experiences 82 Summary 83 Lessons Learned 83 Overall Economic Model 85 Space 86 Conclusions 87 References 87 7 Promotion and Tenure 89 Nature and Roles of Faculty 90 Academic Disciplines 90 Faculty Impact 91 TT versus NTT Faculty 92 Availability of Faculty Positions 92 Faculty Turnover 93 Nature of Tenure Decisions 95 Promotion and Tenure Experiences 97 What Really Counts 98 Making the Case 98 Model of Tenure Decision Making 99 Conclusions 103 References 103 8 Education Programs 105 Stem Challenges 106 Student Population 106 Value of Education 107 Degree Programs 108 Curricula and Courses 109 Delivery of Education 110 Teaching Experiences 112 Workforce Model 114 Conclusions 118 References 119 9 Research and Intellectual Property 121 Challenges 122 Peer Review 122 Bibliometrics 122 Funding 124 Research Experiences 125 Libraries and Networks 125 Limits of Modeling 125 Healthcare Delivery 126 Interactive Visualization 126 Government Sponsors 127 Industry Sponsors 127 Research Model 128 Submission of Articles 128 Citation of Articles 130 Submission of Proposals 131 Overall Model 132 Intellectual Property 135 Spin‐Off Experiences 135 Conclusions 137 References 137 10 Rankings and Brand Value 139 Ranking Schemes 140 Example of Moving Up 142 Determinants of Rankings 143 Brand Value 146 Model of Brand Value 146 More on Metrics 148 Example 149 Conclusions 150 References 151 11 Transformation Scenarios 153 Forces for Change 153 Costs and Benefits 154 Globalization 154 A Tsunami of Talent 156 Technology 157 Organizational Change 158 Theory and Practice 159 Four Scenarios 160 Driving Forces 161 Clash of Titans 161 Hot, Flat, and Crowded 162 Lifespan Mecca 162 Network U. 163 Implications 163 Transforming Academia 164 Clash of Titans 165 Hot, Flat, and Crowded 165 Lifespan Mecca 166 Network U. 166 How Change Happens 167 Conclusions 168 References 169 12 Exploring the Future 173 Sensitivity Analyses 176 Scenario Variations 180 Clash of Titans 180 Hot, Flat, and Crowded 180 Lifespan Mecca 181 Network U. 181 Projections 182 Policy Implications 185 Across Scenarios 185 Within Scenarios 186 Summary 187 Extensions 187 Conclusions 189 References 189 Index 191

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