Advanced Electrode Materials: (Advanced Material Series)

This book covers the recent advances in electrode materials and their novel applications at the cross-section of advanced materials. The book is divided into two sections: State-of-the-art electrode materials; and engineering of applied electrode materials. The chapters deal with electrocatalysis for energy conversion in view of bionanotechnology; surfactant-free materials and polyoxometalates through the concepts of biosensors to renewable energy applications; mesoporous carbon, diamond, conducting polymers and tungsten oxide/conducting polymer-based electrodes and hybrid systems. Numerous approaches are reviewed for lithium batteries, fuel cells, the design and construction of anode for microbial fuel cells including phosphate polyanion electrodes, electrocatalytic materials, fuel cell reactions, conducting polymer based hybrid nanocomposites and advanced nanomaterials.

Table of Contents:
Preface xv Part 1 State-of-the-art electrode materials 1 Advances in Electrode Materials 3 J. Sołoducho, J. Cabaj and D. Zając 1.1 Advanced Electrode Materials for Molecular Electrochemistry 4 1.1.1 Graphite and Related sp2-Hybridized Carbon Materials 4 1.1.2 Graphene 6 1.1.2.1 Graphene Preparation 6 1.1.2.2 Engineering of Graphene 7 1.1.3 Carbon Nanotubes 8 1.1.3.1 Carbon Nanotube Networks for Applications in Flexible Electronics 9 1.1.4 Surface Structure of Carbon Electrode Materials 11 1.2 Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Capacitors 12 1.2.1 Carbon-based Electrodes 12 1.2.2 Metal Oxide Composite Electrodes 13 1.2.3 Conductive Polymers-based Electrodes 15 1.2.4 Nanocomposites-based Electrode Materials for Supercapacitor 16 1.3 Nanostructure Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion 16 1.3.1 Assembly and Properties of Nanoparticles 17 1.4 Progress and Perspective of Advanced Electrode Materials 18 Acknowledgments 19 References 19 2 Diamond-based Electrodes 27 Emanuela Tamburri and Maria Letizia Terranova 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Techniques for Preparation of Diamond Layers 28 2.2.1 HF-CVD Diamond Synthesis 30 2.2.2 MW-CVD Diamond Synthesis 31 2.2.3 RF-CVD Diamond Synthesis 31 2.3 Why Diamond for Electrodes? 32 2.4 Diamond Doping 33 2.4.1 In Situ Diamond Doping 34 2.4.2 Ion Implantation 37 2.5 Electrochemical Properties of Doped Diamonds 37 2.6 Diamond Electrodes Applications 39 2.6.1 Water Treatment and Disinfection 39 2.6.2 Electroanalytical Sensors 40 2.6.3 Energy Technology 45 2.6.3.1 Supercapacitors 45 2.6.3.2 Li Ion Batteries 49 2.6.3.3 Fuel Cells 51 2.7 Conclusions 52 References 53 3 Recent Advances in Tungsten Oxide/Conducting Polymer Hybrid Assemblies for Electrochromic Applications 61 Cigdem Dulgerbaki and Aysegul Uygun Oksuz 3.1 Introduction 62 3.2 History and Technology of Electrochromics 63 3.3 Electrochromic Devices 63 3.3.1 Electrochromic Contrast 64 3.3.2 Coloration Efficiency 64 3.3.3 Switching Speed 65 3.3.4 Stability 65 3.3.5 Optical Memory 65 3.4 Transition Metal Oxides 67 3.5 Tungsten Oxide 67 3.6 Conjugated Organic Polymers 69 3.7 Hybrid Materials 70 3.8 Electrochromic Tungsten Oxide/Conducting Polymer Hybrids 71 3.9 Conclusions and Perspectives 95 Acknowledgments 99 References 99 Contents vii 4 Advanced Surfactant-free Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion Systems: From Electrocatalysis to Bionanotechnology 103 Yaovi Holade, Teko W. Napporn and Kouakou B. Kokoh 4.1 Advanced Electrode Materials Design: Preparation and Characterization of Metal Nanoparticles 104 4.1.1 Current Strategies for Metal Nanoparticles Preparation: General Consideration 104 4.1.2 Emerged Synthetic Methods without Organic Molecules as Surfactants 109 4.2 Electrocatalytic Performances Toward Organic Molecules Oxidation 114 4.2.1 Electrocatalytic Properties of Metal Nanoparticles in Alkaline Medium 114 4.2.1.1 Electrocatalytic Properties Toward Glycerol Oxidation 114 4.2.1.3 Electrocatalytic Properties Toward Carbohydrates Oxidation 116 4.2.2 Spectroelectrochemical Characterization of the Electrode–Electrolyte Interface 118 4.2.2.1 Spectroelectrochemical Probing of Electrode Materials Surface by CO Stripping 118 4.2.2.2 Spectroelectrochemical Probing of Glycerol Electrooxidation Reaction 120 4.2.2.3 Spectroelectrochemical Probing of Glucose Electrooxidation Reaction 121 4.2.3 Electrochemical Synthesis of Sustainable Chemicals: Electroanalytical Study 123 4.2.4 Electrochemical Energy Conversion: Direct Carbohydrates Alkaline Fuel Cells 128 4.3 Metal Nanoparticles at Work in Bionanotechnology 131 4.3.1 Metal Nanoparticles at Work in Closed-Biological Conditions: Toward Implantable Devices 131 4.3.2 Activation of Implantable Biomedical and Information Processing Devices by Fuel Cells 133 4.4 Conclusions 136 Acknowledgments 137 Notes 137 References 138 Part 2 Engineering of applied electrode materials 5 Polyoxometalate-based Modified Electrodes for Electrocatalysis: From Molecule Sensing to Renewable Energy-related Applications 149 Cristina Freire, Diana M. Fernandes, Marta Nunes and Mariana Araújo 5.1 Introduction 150 5.2 POM and POM-based (Nano)Composites 151 5.2.1 Polyoxometalates 151 5.2.2 Polyoxometalate-based (Nano)Composites 154 5.2.3 General Electrochemical Behavior of POMs 157 5.3 POM-based Electrocatalysis for Sensing Applications 160 5.3.1 Reductive Electrocatalysis 161 5.3.1.1 Nitrite Reduction 161 5.3.1.2 Bromate Reduction 167 5.3.1.3 Iodate Reduction 168 5.3.1.4 Hydrogen Peroxide Reduction Reaction 170 5.3.2 Oxidative Electrocatalysis 173 5.3.2.1 Dopamine and Ascorbic Acid Oxidations 173 5.3.2.2 l-Cysteine Oxidation 177 5.4 POM-based Electrocatalysis for Energy Storage and Conversion Applications 178 5.4.1 Oxygen Evolution Reaction 179 5.4.2 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction 183 5.4.3 Oxygen Reduction Reaction 185 5.5 Concluding Remarks 191 Acknowledgments 193 List of Abbreviations and Acronyms 193 References 196 6 Electrochemical Sensors Based on Ordered Mesoporous Carbons 213 Xiangjie Bo and Ming Zhou 6.1 Introduction 213 6.2 Electrochemical Sensors Based on OMCs 217 6.3 Electrochemical Sensors Based on Redox Mediators/OMCs 222 6.4 Electrochemical Sensors Based on NPs/OMCs 226 6.4.1 Electrochemical Sensors Based on Transition Metal NPs/OMCs 228 6.4.2 Electrochemical Sensors Based on Noble Metal NPs/OMCs 230 6.5 Conclusions 233 Acknowledgments 236 References 236 7 Non-precious Metal Oxide and Metal-free Catalysts for Energy Storage and Conversion 243 Tahereh Jafari, Andrew Meguerdichian, Ting Jiang, Abdelhamid El-Sawy and Steven L. Suib 7.1 Metal–Nitrogen–Carbon (M–N–C) Electrocatalysts 244 7.1.1 Introduction 244 7.1.2 Catalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction 245 7.1.3 Catalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction 248 7.1.4 Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction 249 7.1.5 None-Heat-treated M–N–C Electrocatalysts 250 7.1.6 Heat-treated M–N–C Electrocatalysts 254 7.1.7 Conclusion 261 7.2 Transition Metal Oxide Electrode Materials for Oxygen Evolution Reaction, Oxygen Reduction Reaction and Bifuctional Purposes (OER/ORR) 262 7.2.1 Introduction 262 7.2.2 Oxygen Evolution Reaction 266 7.2.2.1 Synthesis Methodology 267 7.2.2.2 OER Properties of Catalyst 272 7.2.2.3 Morphology or Microstructure Analysis of TM Oxide for OER 274 7.2.3 Oxygen Reduction Reaction 276 7.2.3.1 Morphology or Microstructure Analysis 277 7.2.3.2 ORR Properties of Catalyst 278 7.2.3.3 Synthesis Methodology 278 7.2.3.4 Theoretical Analyses of ORR Active Catalysts 279 7.2.4 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction 279 7.2.5 Bifunctional Oxide Materials (OER/ORR) 281 7.2.5.1 Bifunctional Properties of Catalyst 281 7.2.5.2 Dopant Effects 283 7.2.5.3 Morphology or Microstructure Analysis 283 7.2.5.4 Synthesis Methodology 284 7.2.6 Conclusion 285 7.3 Transition Metal Chalcogenides, Nitrides, Oxynitrides, and Carbides (By: Ting Jiang) 285 7.3.1 Transition Metal Chalcogenides 285 7.3.2 Transition Metal Nitrides 294 7.3.3 Transition Metal Oxynitrides 296 7.3.4 Transition Metal Carbides 298 7.4 Oxygen Reduction Reaction for Metal-free 300 7.4.1 Different Doping Synthesis Strategies 300 7.4.2 ORR Activity in Different Carbon Source 303 7.4.2.1 1D Carbon Nanotube Doped 303 7.4.2.2 2D Graphene 306 7.4.3 Oxygen Evolution Reaction 308 References 310 8 Study of Phosphate Polyanion Electrodes and Their Performance with Glassy Electrolytes: Potential Application in Lithium Ion Solid-state Batteries 321 S. Terny and M.A. Frechero 8.1 Introduction 321 8.2 Glass Samples Preparation 323 8.3 Nanostructured Composites Sample Preparation 324 8.4 X-Ray Powder Diffraction 325 8.4.1 X-Ray Powder Diffraction Patterns of Glassy Materials 325 8.4.2 X-Ray Powder Diffraction Patterns of Composites Materials 326 8.5 Thermal Analysis 326 8.5.1 Thermal Analysis of Glassy Systems 326 8.5.2 Thermal Analysis of Nanocomposites Materials 329 8.6 Density and Appearance 330 8.6.1 Density and Oxygen Packing Density of Glassy Materials 330 8.6.2 Materials’ Appearance 331 8.6.2.1 Glasses 331 8.6.2.2 Nanostructured Composites 332 8.7 Structural Features 332 8.7.1 Glassy Materials 332 8.7.1.1 FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy 334 8.7.2 Nanocomposites Materials 337 8.8 Electrical Behavior 342 8.8.1 Glasses Materials 342 8.8.2 Composite Materials 347 8.9 All-solid-state Lithium Ion Battery 349 8.10 Final Remarks 350 Acknowledgments 352 References 352 9 Conducting Polymer-based Hybrid Nanocomposites as Promising Electrode Materials for Lithium Batteries 355 O.Yu. Posudievsky, O.A. Kozarenko, V.G. Koshechko and V.D. Pokhodenko 9.1 Introduction 356 9.2 Electrode Materials of Lithium Batteries Based on Conducting Polymer-based Nanocomposites Prepared by Chemical and Electrochemical Methods 357 9.2.1 Host–Guest Hybrid Nanocomposites 357 9.2.2 Core–Shell Hybrid Nanocomposites 361 9.3 Mechanochemical Preparation of Conducting Polymer-based Hybrid Nanocomposites as Electrode Materials of Lithium Batteries 368 9.3.1 Principle of Mechanochemical Synthesis 368 9.3.2 Mechanochemically Prepared Conducting Polymer-based Hybrid Nanocomposite Materials for Lithium Batteries 370 9.4 Conclusion 384 References 385 10 Energy Applications: Fuel Cells 397 Mutlu Sönmez Çelebi 10.1 Introduction 398 10.2 Catalyst Supports for Fuel Cell Electrodes 399 10.2.1 Commercial Carbon Supports 399 10.2.2 Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Supports 401 10.2.3 Graphene Supports 403 10.2.4 Mesoporous Carbon Supports 405 10.2.5 Other Carbon Supports 406 10.2.6 Conducting Polymer Supports 408 10.2.7 Hybrid Supports 410 10.2.8 Non-carbon Supports 411 References 421 11 Novel Photoelectrocatalytic Electrodes Materials for Fuel Cell Reactions 435 Mingshan Zhu, Chunyang Zhai and Cheng Lu 11.1 Introduction 435 11.2 Basic Understanding on the Improved Catalytic Performance of Photo-Responsive Metal/ Semiconductor Electrodes 438 11.3 Synthetic Methods for Metal/Semiconductor Electrodes 440 11.3.1 Electrochemical Deposition 441 11.3.2 Chemical Reduction Method 442 11.3.3 Physical Mixing Method 443 11.3.4 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Method 444 11.3.5 Microwave-assisted Method 445 11.3.6 Other Preparation Methods 445 11.4 Photo-responsive Metal/Semiconductor Anode Catalysts 446 11.4.1 TiO2 Nanoparticles 446 11.4.2 One-dimensional Well-aligned TiO2 Nanotube Arrays 448 11.4.3 Other Semiconductor Supports 450 11.5 Conclusions and Future Outlook 452 References 453 12 Advanced Nanomaterials for the Design and Construction of Anode for Microbial Fuel Cells 457 Ming Zhou, Lu Bai and Chaokang Gu 12.1 Introduction 457 12.2 Carbon Nanotubes-based Anode Materials for MFCs 459 12.3 Graphene-based Anode Materials for MFCs 466 12.4 Other Anode Materials for MFCs 470 12.5 Conclusions 474 Acknowledgments 475 References 475 13 Conducting Polymer-based Electrochemical DNA Biosensing 485 Filiz Kuralay 13.1 Introduction 486 13.2 Electrochemical DNA Biosensors 487 13.3 Conducting Polymer-based Electrochemical DNA Biosensors 489 13.4 Conclusions and Outlook 493 Acknowledgments 494 References 494