Join the cutting edge of biomedical technology with this essential reference
The role of wireless communications in biomedical technology is a significant one. Wireless and/or antenna-driven communication between telemetry components now forms the basis of cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators, cochlear implants, glucose readers, and more. As wireless technology continues to advance and miniaturization progresses, it’s more essential than ever that biomedical research and development incorporate the latest technology.
Antennas and Wireless Power for Biomedical Applications provides a comprehensive introduction to wireless technology and its incorporation into the biomedical field. Beginning with an introduction to recent developments in antenna and wireless technology, it analyzes the major wireless systems currently available and their biomedical applications, actual and potential. The result is an essential guide to technologies that have already improved patient outcomes and increased life expectancies worldwide.
Antennas and Wireless Power for Biomedical Applications readers will also find:
- Authored by internationally renowned researchers of wireless technologies
- Detailed analysis of CP implantable antennas, wearable antennas, near-field wireless power, and more
- Up to 100 figures that supplement text
Antennas and Wireless Power for Biomedical Applications is a valuable introduction for biomedical researchers and biomedical engineers, as well as for research and development professionals in the medical device industry.
Table of Contents:
1 Introduction: Towards Biomedical Applications
1.1 Biomedical Devices for Healthcare
1.1.1 Wearable Devices
1.1.2 Implantable Devices
1.2 Wireless Date Telemetry and Powering for Biomedical Devices
1.2.1 Wireless Data Telemetry for Biomedical Devices
1.2.2 Wireless Power Transmission for Biomedical Devices
1.3 Overview of Book
Reference
2 Miniaturized wideband and multi-band implantable antennas
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Miniaturization Methods for Implantable Antenna Design
2.2.1 Use of high-permittivity dielectric substrate/superstrate
2.2.2 Use of planar inverted-F antenna structure
2.2.3 Lengthening the current path of the radiator
2.2.4 Loading technique for impedance matching
2.2.5 Choosing higher operating frequency
2.3 Wideband Miniaturized Implantable Antenna
2.3.1 Introducing adjacent resonant frequency points
A. Linear Wire Antenna
B. Slot Antenna
C. Loop Antenna
D. Microstrip Patch Antenna
2.3.2 Multiple resonance and wideband impedance matching
2.3.3 Advanced technology for detuning problem
2.4 Multiband Miniaturized Implantable Antennas
2.4.1 Compact PIFA with multi-current patch
2.4.2 Open-end slots on ground
2.4.3 Single layer design
2.5 Conclusions
Reference
3 Polarization Design for Implantable Antennas
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Compact Microstrip Patch Antenna for CP Implantable Antenna Design
3.2.1 Capacitively Loaded CP Implantable Patch Antenna
3.2.1.1 An Implantable Microstrip Patch Antenna with a Center Square Slot
3.2.1.2 Compact-Implantable CP Patch Antenna with Capacitive Loading
3.2.1.3 Communication Link Study of the CP Implantable Patch Antenna
3.2.1.4 Sensitivity Evaluation of the Implantable CP patch antenna
3.2.2 Miniaturized Circularly Polarized Implantable Annular-Ring Antenna
3.3 Wide AR Bandwidth Implantable Antenna
3.3.1 Miniaturized CP Implantable Loop Antenna
3.3.1.1 Configuration of the CP Implantable Loop Antenna
3.3.1.2 Principle of the CP Implantable Loop Antenna
3.3.1.3 Antenna Measurement and Discussions
3.3.1.4 Communication Link of the Implantable CP Loop Antennas
3.3.2 Ground Radiation CP Implantable Antenna
3.4 Application Base Design of CP Implantable Antenna——Capsule Endoscopy
3.4.1 Axial-mode Multi-layer Helical Antenna
3.4.1.1 Antenna Structure
3.4.1.2 Conformal Capsule Antenna Design Including Biocompatibility Shell Consideration
3.4.1.3 Wireless Capsule Endoscope System in a Human Body
3.4.1.4 In-Vitro testing and Discussions
3.4.2 Conformal CP Antenna for Wireless Capsule Endoscope Systems
3.4.2.1 Antenna Layout and Simulation Phantom
3.4.2.2 Mechanism of CP Operation
3.4.2.3 Results and Discussion
3.5 In Vivo Testing of Circularly Polarized Implantable Antennas
3.5.1 In-Vivo Testing Configuration
3.5.2 Measured Reflection Coefficient
3.5.3 Analysis of the Results and Discussions
3.6 Conclusions
Reference
4 Differential-Fed Implantable Antennas
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Dual-band Implantable Antenna for Neural Recording
4.2.1 Differential Reflection Coefficient Characterization
4.2.2 Antenna Design and Operating Principle
4.2.3 Measurement and Discussions
4.2.4 Communication Link Study
4.3 Integrated on-chip Antenna in 0.18µm CMOS Technology
4.3.1 System Requirement and Antenna Design
4.3.2 Chip-to-SMA Transition Design and Measurement
4.4 Dual-band Implantable Antenna for Capsule Systems
4.4.1 Planar Implantable Antenna Design
4.4.2 Conformal Capsule Design
4.4.3 Coating and In Vitro Measurement
4.5 Miniaturized Differentially Fed Dual-band Implantable Antenna
4.5.1 Miniaturized Dual-band Antenna Design
4.5.2 Parametric Analysis and Measurement
4.6 Differentially Fed Antenna with Complex Input Impedance for Capsule Systems
4.6.1 Antenna Geometry
4.6.2 Operating Principle
4.6.2.1 Equivalent Circuit
4.6.2.2 Parametric Study
4.6.2.3 Comparison With T-Match
4.6.3 Experiment
4.7 Conclusions
References
5 Wearable Antennas for On-/Off-Body Communications
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Exploring Wearable Antennas: Design, and Fabrication Techniques
5.2.1 Typical Designs of Wearable Antennas
5.2.2 Variation of Antenna Characteristics and Design Considerations
5.2.3 AMC-backed Near-endfire Wearable Antenna
5.3 Latex Substrate and Screen-Printing for Wearable Antennas Fabrication
5.4 AMC Backed Endfire Antenna
5.4.1 Bidirectional Yagi Antenna for Endfire Radiation
5.4.2 Near-Endfire Yagi Antenna Backed by SAMC
5.4.3 Near-Endfire Yagi Antenna Backed by DAMC
5.5 Simulations of the Antennas in Free Space
5.5.1 Return Loss
5.5.2 Radiation Patterns
5.5.3 Gain
5.6 Simulations of the Antennas on Human Body
5.6.1 Frequency detuning
5.6.2 SAR and Antenna Efficiency
5.6.2 Radiation Patterns on A Human Body
5.7 Antenna Performance Under Deformation
5.8 Experiment
5.8.1 Return Loss
5.8.2 Radiation Pattern Measurement
5.8.3 Gain Measurement
5.9 Conclusion
Reference
6 Investigation and Modeling of Capacitive Human Body Communication
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Galvanic and Capacitive Coupling HBC
6.3 Capacitive HBC
6.3.1 Experimental Characterizations
6.3.2 Numerical Models
6.3.3 Circuit Models of Capacitive HBC
6.3.4 Theoretical Analysis
6.4 Investigation and Modeling of Capacitive HBC
6.4.1 Measurement Setup and Results
6.4.2 Simulation Setup and Results
6.4.3 Equivalent Circuit Model
6.5 Conclusions: Other Design Considerations of HBC systems
6.5.1 Channel Characteristics
6.5.2 Modulation and Communication Performance
6.5.3 Systems and Application examples
Reference
7 Near-Field Wireless Power Transfer for Biomedical Application
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Resonant Inductive Wireless Power Transfer (IWPT) and IWPT Topologies
7.2.1 Resonances in IWPT
7.2.2 Resonant IWPT Topologies
7.2.3 Power Transfer Efficiency
7.2.4 Experimental Verification
7.2.5 Limitations of the Resonance Tuning
7.3 IWPT Topology Selection Strategies
7.3.1 For Applications With A Fixed Load
7.3.2 For Applications With A Variable Load
7.3.3 Optimal Operating Frequency
7.3.4 Upper Limit on Power Transfer Efficiency
7.4 Capacitive Wireless Power Transfer (CWPT)
7.4.1 NCC Link Modeling
7.4.1.1 Tissue Model
7.4.1.2 Tissue Loss
7.4.1.3 Conductor Loss (RC)
7.4.1.4 Self-Inductance
7.4.1.5 Equivalent Capacitance
7.4.1.6 Return Loss
7.4.1.7 Power Transfer Efficiency
7.4.1.8 Power Transfer Limit
7.4.2 Full-Wave Simulation
7.4.3 Optimal Link Design
7.5 CWPT: Experiments in Nonhuman Primate Cadaver
7.5.1 Study on Power Transfer Efficiency
7.5.2 Flexion Study
7.6 Summary
Reference
8 Far-Field Wireless Power Transmission for Biomedical Application
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Far-Field EM Coupling
8.2.1 Power Transfer Efficiency
8.2.2 Link Design
8.2.3 Challenges and Solutions
8.3 Enhanced Far-Filed WPT Link for Implants
8.3.1 Safety Considerations for Far-field Wireless Power Transmission
8.3.2 Implantable Rectenna Design
8.3.2.1 Implantable Antenna Configuration
8.3.2.2 Wireless Power Link Study
8.3.2.3 Safety Concerns
8.3.2.4 Method to Enhance the Received Power
8.3.2.5 Wireless power link with the parasitic patch
8.3.3 Measurement and Discussion
8.3.3.1 Rectifier Circuit Design
8.3.3.2 Integration Solution of the Implantable Rectenna
8.3.3.3 Measurement Setup
8.4 WPT Antenna Misalignment: An Antenna Alignment Method Using Intermodulation
8.4.1 Operation Mechanism
8.4.1.1 PCE Enhancement and Intermodulation Generation
8.4.1.2 Relation Between Intermodulation and Misalignments
8.4.2 Miniaturized IMD Rectenna Design With NRIC Link
8.4.2.1 Miniaturized Rectifier With Intermodulation Readout
8.4.2.2 IMD Antenna Co-Designed With Rectifier Circuit
8.4.2.3 NRIC Link Establishment
8.4.3 Experimental Validation
8.4.3.1 Experimental Setup
8.4.3.2 Results and Discussion
8.5 Summary
Reference
9 System Design Example: Peripheral Nerve Implants and Neurostimulators
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Wireless Powering and Telemetry for Peripheral Nerve Implants
9.2.1 Peripheral Nerve Prostheses
9.2.1.1 Stimulator Implant
9.2.1.2 Neural Recording
9.2.1.3 Wireless Power Delivery and Telemetry Requirements
9.2.2 Wireless Platform for Peripheral Nerve Implants
9.2.2.1 Wireless Platform for Stimulator Implant
9.2.2.2 Wireless platform for recording implant
9.2.3 Design and Experiments
9.2.3.1 Power Transfer Characteristics in Tissue Environments
9.2.3.2 Power Transfer Link for Peripheral Nerve Implants
9.2.3.3 Stimulator Implant Experiment
9.2.4 Safety
9.2.4.1 Biosafety
9.2.4.2 Electrical Safety
9.2.5 Near-Field Resonant Inductive-Coupling Link (NRIC) Versus Near-Field Capacitive-Coupling Link (NCC)
9.3 Co-matching Solution for Neurostimulator Narrow Band Antenna
9.3.1 Co-matching Antenna Operating Mode
9.3.2 Antenna Property in Body Phantom
9.3.3 Co-matching Circuit Design
9.3.4 Fabrication Processing of the Proposed Antenna
9.3.5 Reflection Coefficient and Impedance Measurement
9.3.6 Radiation Performance
9.4 Reconfigurable Antenna for Neurostimulator
9.4.1 Tuning Principle
9.4.2 Antenna Configuration and Design Procedures
9.4.3 Antenna Manufacturing and Measurement Setup
9.4.4 System Design
9.4.5 Antenna Tuning and Optimized RF Link
9.5 Summary
Reference
About the Author :
Yongxin Guo is is a Full Professor at National University of Singapore. He is a Fellow of IEEE and Singapore Academy of Engineering. He is serving as Editor-in-Chief, IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF and Microwave in Medicine and Biology. He is a Distinguished Lecturer for IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society. His current research interests include wireless power transfer, antennas, electromagnetic sensing and MMIC modelling and design for biomedicine, internet of things and wireless communications.
Yuan Feng is a Research Fellow of National University of Singapore and an Adjunct Associate Investigator of NUS Suzhou Research Institute. Dr. Feng serves as a Reviewer for the IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation and he received his PhD. from Tsinghua University, China, in 2020. His research interests include neuromodulation technology, implantable and wearable antennas for biomedical and healthcare applications, RF energy harvesting, and wireless power.
Changrong Liu is an Associate Professor at Soochow University, China, and is a member of the IEEE. He received his PhD in radio physics from the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China in 2015 and his research interests include LTCC-based millimeter-wave antenna array design, circularly polarized beam-steering antenna array, and implantable antennas for biomedical applications, including wireless data telemetry, and power transfer.
