Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering: An Integrated Approach

This text is an unbound, three hole punched version. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering: An Integrated Approach, Binder Ready Version, 5th Edition takes an integrated approach to the sequence of topics – one specific structure, characteristic, or property type is covered in turn for all three basic material types: metals, ceramics, and polymeric materials. This presentation permits the early introduction of non-metals and supports the engineer's role in choosing materials based upon their characteristics. Using clear, concise terminology that is familiar to students, Fundamentals presents material at an appropriate level for both student comprehension and instructors who may not have a materials background. This text is an unbound, three hole punched version. Access to WileyPLUS sold separately.

Table of Contents:
LIST OF SYMBOLS xxiii 1. Introduction 1 Learning Objectives 2 1.1 Historical Perspective 2 1.2 Materials Science and Engineering 2 1.3 Why Study Materials Science and Engineering? 4 Case Study—Liberty Ship Failures 5 1.4 Classification of Materials 6 Case Study—Carbonated Beverage Containers 11 1.5 Advanced Materials 12 1.6 Modern Materials’ Needs 14 Summary 15 References 15 Questions 16 2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding 17 Learning Objectives 18 2.1 Introduction 18 ATOMIC STRUCTURE 18 2.2 Fundamental Concepts 18 2.3 Electrons in Atoms 20 2.4 The Periodic Table 26 ATOMIC BONDING IN SOLIDS 28 2.5 Bonding Forces and Energies 28 2.6 Primary Interatomic Bonds 30 2.7 Secondary Bonding or van der Waals Bonding 37 Materials of Importance—Water (Its Volume Expansion upon Freezing) 40 2.8 Mixed Bonding 41 2.9 Molecules 42 2.10 Bonding Type-Material Classification Correlations 42 Summary 43 Equation Summary 44 List of Symbols 44 Important Terms and Concepts 45 References 45 Questions and Problems 45 Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 47 3. Structures of Metals and Ceramics 48 Learning Objectives 49 3.1 Introduction 49 CRYSTAL STRUCTURES 49 3.2 Fundamental Concepts 49 3.3 Unit Cells 50 3.4 Metallic Crystal Structures 51 3.5 Density Computations—Metals 57 3.6 Ceramic Crystal Structures 57 3.7 Density Computations—Ceramics 63 3.8 Silicate Ceramics 64 3.9 Carbon 68 3.10 Polymorphism and Allotropy 69 3.11 Crystal Systems 69 Material of Importance—Tin (Its Allotropic Transformation) 71 CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC POINTS, DIRECTIONS, AND PLANES 72 3.12 Point Coordinates 72 3.13 Crystallographic Directions 75 3.14 Crystallographic Planes 81 3.15 Linear and Planar Densities 87 3.16 Close-Packed Crystal Structures 88 CRYSTALLINE AND NONCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS 92 3.17 Single Crystals 92 3.18 Polycrystalline Materials 92 3.19 Anisotropy 92 3.20 X-Ray Diffraction: Determination of Crystal Structures 94 3.21 Noncrystalline Solids 99 Summary 101 Equation Summary 103 List of Symbols 104 Important Terms and Concepts 105 References 105 Questions and Problems 105 Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 114 4. Polymer Structures 115 Learning Objectives 116 4.1 Introduction 116 4.2 Hydrocarbon Molecules 116 4.3 Polymer Molecules 119 4.4 The Chemistry of Polymer Molecules 119 4.5 Molecular Weight 123 4.6 Molecular Shape 126 4.7 Molecular Structure 128 4.8 Molecular Configurations 129 4.9 Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Polymers 132 4.10 Copolymers 133 4.11 Polymer Crystallinity 134 4.12 Polymer Crystals 138 Summary 140 Equation Summary 141 List of Symbols 142 Important Terms and Concepts 142 References 142 Questions and Problems 143 Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 145 5. Imperfections in Solids 146 Learning Objectives 147 5.1 Introduction 147 POINT DEFECTS 148 5.2 Point Defects in Metals 148 5.3 Point Defects in Ceramics 149 5.4 Impurities in Solids 152 5.5 Point Defects in Polymers 157 5.6 Specification of Composition 157 MISCELLANEOUS IMPERFECTIONS 161 5.7 Dislocations—Linear Defects 161 5.8 Interfacial Defects 164 5.9 Bulk or Volume Defects 167 5.10 Atomic Vibrations 167 Materials of Importance—Catalysts (and Surface Defects) 168 MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION 169 5.11 Basic Concepts of Microscopy 169 5.12 Microscopic Techniques 170 5.13 Grain-Size Determination 174 Summary 177 Equation Summary 179 List of Symbols 180 Important Terms and Concepts 180 References 180 Questions and Problems 180 Design Problems 184 Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 185 6. Diffusion 186 Learning Objectives 187 6.1 Introduction 187 6.2 Diffusion Mechanisms 188 6.3 Fick’s First Law 189 6.4 Fick’s Second Law—Nonsteady-State Diffusion 191 6.5 Factors that Influence Diffusion 195 6.6 Diffusion in Semiconducting Materials 200 Materials of Importance—Aluminum for Integrated Circuit Interconnects 203 6.7 Other Diffusion Paths 204 6.8 Diffusion in Ionic and Polymeric Materials 204 Summary 207 Equation Summary 208 List of Symbols 209 Important Terms and Concepts 209 References 209 Questions and Problems 209 Design Problems 214 Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 215 7. Mechanical Properties 216 Learning Objectives 217 7.1 Introduction 217 7.2 Concepts of Stress and Strain 218 ELASTIC DEFORMATION 222 7.3 Stress–Strain Behavior 222 7.4 Anelasticity 225 7.5 Elastic Properties of Materials 226 MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR—METALS 228 7.6 Tensile Properties 229 7.7 True Stress and Strain 236 7.8 Elastic Recovery after Plastic Deformation 239 7.9 Compressive, Shear, and Torsional Deformations 239 MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR—CERAMICS 240 7.10 Flexural Strength 240 7.11 Elastic Behavior 241 7.12 Influence of Porosity on the Mechanical Properties of Ceramics 241 MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR—POLYMERS 243 7.13 Stress–Strain Behavior 243 7.14 Macroscopic Deformation 245 7.15 Viscoelastic Deformation 246 HARDNESS AND OTHER MECHANICAL PROPERTY CONSIDERATIONS 250 7.16 Hardness 250 7.17 Hardness of Ceramic Materials 255 7.18 Tear Strength and Hardness of Polymers 256 PROPERTY VARIABILITY AND DESIGN/SAFETY FACTORS 257 7.19 Variability of Material Properties 257 7.20 Design/Safety Factors 259 Summary 263 Equation Summary 265 List of Symbols 266 Important Terms and Concepts 267 References 267 Questions and Problems 268 Design Problems 276 Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 277 8. Deformation and Strengthening Mechanisms 279 Learning Objectives 280 8.1 Introduction 280 DEFORMATION MECHANISMS FOR METALS 280 8.2 Historical 281 8.3 Basic Concepts of Dislocations 281 8.4 Characteristics of Dislocations 283 8.5 Slip Systems 284 8.6 Slip in Single Crystals 286 8.7 Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Metals 289 8.8 Deformation by Twinning 291 MECHANISMS OF STRENGTHENING IN METALS 292 8.9 Strengthening by Grain Size Reduction 292 8.10 Solid-Solution Strengthening 294 8.11 Strain Hardening 295 RECOVERY, RECRYSTALLIZATION, AND GRAIN GROWTH 298 8.12 Recovery 298 8.13 Recrystallization 299 8.14 Grain Growth 303 DEFORMATION MECHANISMS FOR CERAMIC MATERIALS 305 8.15 Crystalline Ceramics 305 8.16 Noncrystalline Ceramics 305 MECHANISMS OF DEFORMATION AND FOR STRENGTHENING OF POLYMERS 306 8.17 Deformation of Semicrystalline Polymers 306 8.18 Factors that Influence the Mechanical Properties of Semicrystalline Polymers 308 Materials of Importance—Shrink-Wrap Polymer Films 311 8.19 Deformation of Elastomers 312 Summary 314 Equation Summary 317 List of Symbols 317 Important Terms and Concepts 317 References 318 Questions and Problems 318 Design Problems 323 Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 323 9. Failure 324 Learning Objectives 325 9.1 Introduction 325 FRACTURE 326 9.2 Fundamentals of Fracture 326 9.3 Ductile Fracture 326 9.4 Brittle Fracture 328 9.5 Principles of Fracture Mechanics 330 9.6 Brittle Fracture of Ceramics 339 9.7 Fracture of Polymers 343 9.8 Fracture Toughness Testing 345 FATIGUE 349 9.9 Cyclic Stresses 350 9.10 The S–N Curve 351 9.11 Fatigue in Polymeric Materials 356 9.12 Crack Initiation and Propagation 357 9.13 Factors that Affect Fatigue Life 359 9.14 Environmental Effects 361 CREEP 362 9.15 Generalized Creep Behavior 362 9.16 Stress and Temperature Effects 363 9.17 Data Extrapolation Methods 366 9.18 Alloys for High-Temperature Use 367 9.19 Creep in Ceramic and Polymeric Materials 368 Summary 368 Equation Summary 371 List of Symbols 372 Important Terms and Concepts 373 References 373 Questions and Problems 373 Design Problems 378 Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 379 10. Phase Diagrams 380 Learning Objectives 381 10.1 Introduction 381 DEFINITIONS AND BASIC CONCEPTS 381 10.2 Solubility Limit 382 10.3 Phases 383 10.4 Microstructure 383 10.5 Phase Equilibria 383 10.6 One-Component (or Unary) Phase Diagrams 384 BINARY PHASE DIAGRAMS 385 10.7 Binary Isomorphous Systems 386 10.8 Interpretation of Phase Diagrams 388 10.9 Development of Microstructure in Isomorphous Alloys 392 10.10 Mechanical Properties of Isomorphous Alloys 395 10.11 Binary Eutectic Systems 395 10.12 Development of Microstructure in Eutectic Alloys 401 Materials of Importance—Lead-Free Solders 402 10.13 Equilibrium Diagrams Having Intermediate Phases or Compounds 408 10.14 Eutectoid and Peritectic Reactions 411 10.15 Congruent Phase Transformations 412 10.16 Ceramic Phase Diagrams 412 10.17 Ternary Phase Diagrams 416 10.18 The Gibbs Phase Rule 417 THE IRON–CARBON SYSTEM 419 10.19 The Iron–Iron Carbide (Fe–Fe3C) Phase Diagram 419 10.20 Development of Microstructure in Iron–Carbon Alloys 422 10.21 The Influence of Other Alloying Elements 429 Summary 430 Equation Summary 432 List of Symbols 433 Important Terms and Concepts 433 References 433 Questions and Problems 433 Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 440 11. Phase Transformations 441 Learning Objectives 442 11.1 Introduction 442 PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN METALS 442 11.2 Basic Concepts 443 11.3 The Kinetics of Phase Transformations 443 11.4 Metastable Versus Equilibrium States 454 MICROSTRUCTURAL AND PROPERTY CHANGES IN IRON–CARBON ALLOYS 455 11.5 Isothermal Transformation Diagrams 455 11.6 Continuous-Cooling Transformation Diagrams 466 11.7 Mechanical Behavior of Iron–Carbon Alloys 469 11.8 Tempered Martensite 473 11.9 Review of Phase Transformations and Mechanical Properties for Iron–Carbon Alloys 476 Materials of Importance—Shape-Memory Alloys 479 PRECIPITATION HARDENING 482 11.10 Heat Treatments 482 11.11 Mechanism of Hardening 484 11.12 Miscellaneous Considerations 486 CRYSTALLIZATION, MELTING, AND GLASS TRANSITION PHENOMENA IN POLYMERS 487 11.13 Crystallization 487 11.14 Melting 488 11.15 The Glass Transition 488 11.16 Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures 489 11.17 Factors that Influence Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures 489 Summary 492 Equation Summary 494 List of Symbols 495 Important Terms and Concepts 495 References 495 Questions and Problems 495 Design Problems 500 Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 501 12. Electrical Properties 503 Learning Objectives 504 12.1 Introduction 504 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION 504 12.2 Ohm’s Law 504 12.3 Electrical Conductivity 505 12.4 Electronic and Ionic Conduction 506 12.5 Energy Band Structures in Solids 506 12.6 Conduction in Terms of Band and Atomic Bonding Models 508 12.7 Electron Mobility 510 12.8 Electrical Resistivity of Metals 511 12.9 Electrical Characteristics of Commercial Alloys 514 Materials of Importance—Aluminum Electrical Wires 514 SEMICONDUCTIVITY 516 12.10 Intrinsic Semiconduction 516 12.11 Extrinsic Semiconduction 519 12.12 The Temperature Dependence of Carrier Concentration 522 12.13 Factors that Affect Carrier Mobility 523 12.14 The Hall Effect 527 12.15 Semiconductor Devices 529 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION IN IONIC CERAMICS AND IN POLYMERS 535 12.16 Conduction in Ionic Materials 536 12.17 Electrical Properties of Polymers 536 DIELECTRIC BEHAVIOR 537 12.18 Capacitance 537 12.19 Field Vectors and Polarization 539 12.20 Types of Polarization 542 12.21 Frequency Dependence of the Dielectric Constant 544 12.22 Dielectric Strength 545 12.23 Dielectric Materials 545 OTHER ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS 545 12.24 Ferroelectricity 545 12.25 Piezoelectricity 546 Material of Importance—Piezoelectric Ceramic Ink-Jet Printer Heads 547 Summary 548 Equation Summary 551 List of Symbols 551 Important Terms and Concepts 552 References 552 Questions and Problems 553 Design Problems 557 Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 558 13. Types and Applications of Materials 559 Learning Objectives 560 13.1 Introduction 560 TYPES OF METAL ALLOYS 560 13.2 Ferrous Alloys 560 13.3 Nonferrous Alloys 573 Materials of Importance—Metal Alloys Used for Euro Coins 583 TYPES OF CERAMICS 584 13.4 Glasses 585 13.5 Glass-Ceramics 585 13.6 Clay Products 587 13.7 Refractories 587 13.8 Abrasives 590 13.9 Cements 592 13.10 Carbons 593 13.11 Advanced Ceramics 595 TYPES OF POLYMERS 600 13.12 Plastics 600 Materials of Importance—Phenolic Billiard Balls 603 13.13 Elastomers 603 13.14 Fibers 605 13.15 Miscellaneous Applications 606 13.16 Advanced Polymeric Materials 607 Summary 611 Important Terms and Concepts 614 References 614 Questions and Problems 614 Design Questions 615 Fundamentals of Engineering Questions 616 14. Synthesis, Fabrication, and Processing of Materials 617 Learning Objectives 618 14.1 Introduction 618 FABRICATION OF METALS 618 14.2 Forming Operations 619 14.3 Casting 620 14.4 Miscellaneous Techniques 622 THERMAL PROCESSING OF METALS 623 14.5 Annealing Processes 623 14.6 Heat Treatment of Steels 626 FABRICATION OF CERAMIC MATERIALS 635 14.7 Fabrication and Processing of Glasses and Glass-Ceramics 637 14.8 Fabrication and Processing of Clay Products 642 14.9 Powder Pressing 646 14.10 Tape Casting 648 SYNTHESIS AND FABRICATION OF POLYMERS 649 14.11 Polymerization 649 14.12 Polymer Additives 652 14.13 Forming Techniques for Plastics 653 14.14 Fabrication of Elastomers 656 14.15 Fabrication of Fibers and Films 656 Summary 657 Important Terms and Concepts 660 References 660 Questions and Problems 660 Design Problems 663 Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 663 15. Composites 664 Learning Objectives 665 15.1 Introduction 665 PARTICLE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES 667 15.2 Large–Particle Composites 667 15.3 Dispersion-Strengthened Composites 671 FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES 671 15.4 Influence of Fiber Length 672 15.5 Influence of Fiber Orientation and Concentration 673 15.6 The Fiber Phase 681 15.7 The Matrix Phase 683 15.8 Polymer-Matrix Composites 683 15.9 Metal-Matrix Composites 689 15.10 Ceramic-Matrix Composites 690 15.11 Carbon–Carbon Composites 692 15.12 Hybrid Composites 692 15.13 Processing of Fiber-Reinforced Composites 693 STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES 695 15.14 Laminar Composites 695 15.15 Sandwich Panels 697 Case Study—Use of Composites in the Boeing 787 Dreamliner 699 15.16 Nanocomposites 700 Summary 703 Equation Summary 705 List of Symbols 706 Important Terms and Concepts 706 References 706 Questions and Problems 707 Design Problems 709 Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 710 16. Corrosion and Degradation of Materials 711 Learning Objectives 712 16.1 Introduction 712 CORROSION OF METALS 713 16.2 Electrochemical Considerations 713 16.3 Corrosion Rates 719 16.4 Prediction of Corrosion Rates 721 16.5 Passivity 727 16.6 Environmental Effects 728 16.7 Forms of Corrosion 729 16.8 Corrosion Environments 736 16.9 Corrosion Prevention 737 16.10 Oxidation 739 CORROSION OF CERAMIC MATERIALS 742 DEGRADATION OF POLYMERS 742 16.11 Swelling and Dissolution 742 16.12 Bond Rupture 744 16.13 Weathering 746 Summary 746 Equation Summary 748 List of Symbols 749 Important Terms and Concepts 750 References 750 Questions and Problems 750 Design Problems 753 Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 753 17. Thermal Properties 755 Learning Objectives 756 17.1 Introduction 756 17.2 Heat Capacity 756 17.3 Thermal Expansion 760 Materials of Importance—Invar and Other Low-Expansion Alloys 762 17.4 Thermal Conductivity 763 17.5 Thermal Stresses 766 Summary 768 Equation Summary 769 List of Symbols 770 Important Terms and Concepts 770 References 770 Questions and Problems 770 Design Problems 772 Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 773 18. Magnetic Properties 774 Learning Objectives 775 18.1 Introduction 775 18.2 Basic Concepts 775 18.3 Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism 779 18.4 Ferromagnetism 781 18.5 Antiferromagnetism and Ferrimagnetism 782 18.6 The Influence of Temperature on Magnetic Behavior 786 18.7 Domains and Hysteresis 787 18.8 Magnetic Anisotropy 790 18.9 Soft Magnetic Materials 791 Materials of Importance—An Iron–Silicon Alloy that Is Used in Transformer Cores 792 18.10 Hard Magnetic Materials 793 18.11 Magnetic Storage 796 18.12 Superconductivity 799 Summary 802 Equation Summary 804 List of Symbols 804 Important Terms and Concepts 805 References 805 Questions and Problems 805 Design Problems 808 Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 808 19. Optical Properties 809 Learning Objectives 810 19.1 Introduction 810 BASIC CONCEPTS 810 19.2 Electromagnetic Radiation 810 19.3 Light Interactions with Solids 812 19.4 Atomic and Electronic Interactions 813 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS 814 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NONMETALS 815 19.5 Refraction 815 19.6 Reflection 817 19.7 Absorption 817 19.8 Transmission 821 19.9 Color 821 19.10 Opacity and Translucency in Insulators 823 APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL PHENOMENA 824 19.11 Luminescence 824 19.12 Photoconductivity 824 Materials of Importance—Light-Emitting Diodes 825 19.13 Lasers 827 19.14 Optical Fibers in Communications 831 Summary 833 Equation Summary 835 List of Symbols 836 Important Terms and Concepts 836 References 836 Questions and Problems 836 Design Problem 838 Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 838 20. Economic, Environmental, and Societal Issues in Materials Science and Engineering 839 Learning Objectives 840 20.1 Introduction 840 ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS 840 20.2 Component Design 841 20.3 Materials 841 20.4 Manufacturing Techniques 841 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIETAL CONSIDERATIONS 842 20.5 Recycling Issues in Materials Science and Engineering 844 Materials of Importance—Biodegradable and Biorenewable Polymers/Plastics 849 Summary 851 References 851 Design Questions 852 Appendix A The International System of Units (SI) 853 Appendix B Properties of Selected Engineering Materials 855 B.1: Density 855 B.2: Modulus of Elasticity 858 B.3: Poisson’s Ratio 862 B.4: Strength and Ductility 863 B.5: Plane Strain Fracture Toughness 868 B.6: Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 870 B.7: Thermal Conductivity 873 B.8: Specific Heat 876 B.9: Electrical Resistivity 879 B.10: Metal Alloy Compositions 882 Appendix C Costs and Relative Costs for Selected Engineering Materials 884 Appendix D Repeat Unit Structures for Common Polymers 889 Appendix E Glass Transition and Melting Temperatures for Common Polymeric Materials 893 Glossary 894 Answers to Selected Problems 907 Index 912

About the Author :
William D. Callister Jr. and David G. Rethwisch are the authors of Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering: An Integrated Approach, Binder Ready Version, 5th Edition, published by Wiley.

Review :
Callister "Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering: An Interactive Text" wins Textbook Excellence AwardSAN ANTONIO, June 9, 2001 ? The Text and Academic Authors Association awarded "Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering: An Interactive Text", by William D. Callister, Jr., the 2001 Textbook Excellence Award (Texty) during the association's awards banquet. The book is published by John Wiley & Sons. Among judges' comments: "This book appears to be much better than the text I used in college. The figures are nicely done, and a second color is used effectively. The text is clearly written and well-designed. A superior textbook on materials. Many outstanding illustrations. The inclusion of ceramics and polymers is a plus for modern engineers." TAA created the Textbook Excellence Award in 1992 to recognize current textbooks and learning materials. To be nomiated, a work must carry a copyright date for the previous or current year. Entries are not limited to books but may include learning materials of all mediums. The Text and Academic Authors Association was established in 1987 for people interested in developing and publishing all kinds of educational materials, including textbooks, software, videos, monographs, reference books, newsletters, multimedia CD-ROM disks and others. TAA represents text and academic authors in matters involving them, including taxes, copyright and better appreciation of their work within academe. The association is also committed to improving the quality of educational materials.