Broadband Access: Wireline and Wireless - Alternatives for Internet Services

Written by experts in the field, this book provides an overview of all forms of broadband subscriber access networks and technology, including fiber optics, DSL for phone lines, DOCSIS for coax, power line carrier, and wireless. Each technology is described in depth, with a discussion of key concepts, historical development, and industry standards. The book contains comprehensive coverage of all broadband access technologies, with a section each devoted to fiber-based technologies, non-fiber wired technologies, and wireless technologies. The four co-authors’ breadth of knowledge is featured in the chapters comparing the relative strengths, weaknesses, and prognosis for the competing technologies. Key Features: Covers the physical and medium access layers (OSI Layer 1 and 2), with emphasis on access transmission technology Compares and contrasts all recent and emerging wired and wireless standards for broadband access in a single reference Illustrates the technology that is currently being deployed by network providers, and also the technology that has recently been or will soon be standardized for deployment in the coming years, including vectoring, wavelength division multiple access, CDMA, OFDMA, and MIMO Contains detailed discussion on the following standards: 10G-EPON, G-PON, XG-PON, VDSL2, DOCSIS 3.0, DOCSIS Protocol over EPON, power line carrier, IEEE 802.11 WLAN/WiFi, UMTS/HSPA, LTE, and LTE-Advanced

Table of Contents:
About the Authors xv Acknowledgments xvii List of Abbreviations and Acronyms xix 1 Introduction to Broadband Access Networks and Technologies 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 A Brief History of the Access Network 2 1.3 Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) 3 1.3.1 DSL Technologies and Their Evolution 3 1.3.2 DSL System Technologies 5 1.4 Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial Cable (HFC) 5 1.5 Power Line Communications (PLC) 6 1.6 Fiber in the Loop (FITL) 7 1.7 Wireless Broadband Access 10 1.8 Direct Point-to-Point Connections 12 Appendix 1.A: Voiceband Modems 12 2 Introduction to Fiber Optic Broadband Access Networks and Technologies 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 A Brief History of Fiber in the Loop (FITL) 16 2.3 Introduction to PON Systems 18 2.3.1 PON System Overview 18 2.3.2 PON Protocol Evolution 19 2.4 FITL Technology Considerations 21 2.4.1 Optical Components 21 2.4.2 Powering the Loop 22 2.4.3 System Power Savings 23 2.4.4 PON Reach Extension 25 2.5 Introduction to PON Network Protection 30 2.5.1 Background on Network Protection 31 2.5.2 PON Facility Protection 31 2.5.3 OLT Function Protection 35 2.5.4 ONU Protection 40 2.5.5 Conclusions Regarding Protection 42 2.6 Conclusions 42 Appendix 2.A: Subscriber Power Considerations 43 References 43 Further Reading 43 3 IEEE Passive Optical Networks 45 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 IEEE 802.3ah Ethernet-based PON (EPON) 45 3.2.1 EPON Physical Layer 46 3.2.2 Signal Formats 46 3.2.3 MAC Protocol 48 3.2.4 Encryption and Security 49 3.2.5 Forward Error Correction (FEC) 50 3.2.6 ONU Discovery and Activation 51 3.2.7 ONU Ranging Mechanism 52 3.2.8 EPON OAM 52 3.2.9 Dynamic Bandwidth Assignment (DBA) 53 3.3 IEEE 802.3av 10Gbit/s Ethernet-based PON (10G EPON) 54 3.3.1 10G EPON Physical Layer 54 3.3.2 Signal Format 58 3.3.3 MAC Protocol 59 3.3.4 Forward Error Correction 59 3.3.5 ONU Discovery and Activation 61 3.3.6 ONU Ranging Mechanism 61 3.3.7 10G EPON OAM 61 3.3.8 Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation 61 3.4 Summary Comparison of EPON and 10G EPON 61 3.5 Transport of Timing and Synchronization over EPON and 10G EPON 61 3.6 Overview of the IEEE 1904.1 Service Interoperability in Ethernet Passive Optical Networks (SIEPON) 63 3.6.1 SIEPON MAC Functional Blocks 65 3.6.2 VLAN Support 67 3.6.3 Multicast Service 67 3.6.4 SIEPON Service Management 67 3.6.5 Performance Monitoring and Verification 69 3.6.6 SIEPON Service Availability 70 3.6.7 SIEPON Optical Link Protection 70 3.6.8 SIEPON Power Savings 70 3.6.9 SIEPON Security Mechanisms 71 3.6.10 SIEPON Management 71 3.7 ITU-T G.9801 Ethernet Passive Optical Networks using OMCI 71 3.8 Conclusions 71 Appendix 3.A: 64B/66B Line Code 72 References 75 Further Readings 75 4 ITU-T/FSAN PON Protocols 77 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 ITU-T G.983 Series B-PON (Broadband PON) 78 4.3 ITU-T G.984 Series G-PON (Gigabit-capable PON) 79 4.3.1 G-PON Physical Layer 79 4.3.2 G-PON Frame Formats 81 4.3.3 G-PON Encapsulation Method (GEM) 87 4.3.4 G-PON Multiplexing 91 4.3.5 Encryption and Security 92 4.3.6 Forward Error Correction 92 4.3.7 Protection Switching 94 4.3.8 ONU Activation 94 4.3.9 Ranging Mechanism 95 4.3.10 Dynamic Bandwidth Assignment (DBA) 96 4.3.11 OAM Communication 97 4.3.12 Time of Day Distribution 97 4.3.13 G-PON Enhancements 101 4.4 Next Generation PON (NG-PON) 101 4.4.1 Introduction to G.987 series XG-PON (NG-PON1 – 10Gbit-capable PON) 102 4.4.2 XG-PON Physical Layer 102 4.4.3 XG-PON Transmission Convergence Layer and Frame Structures 105 4.4.4 Forward Error Correction 108 4.4.5 XG-PON Encapsulation Method (XGEM) 109 4.4.6 XG-PON Management 110 4.4.7 XG-PON Security 110 4.4.8 NG-PON2 40 Gbit/s Capable PON 110 Appendix 4.A: Summary Comparison of EPON and G-PON 112 References 113 Further Readings 114 5 Optical Domain PON Technologies 115 5.1 Introduction 115 5.2 WDMA (Wavelength Division Multiple Access) PON 115 5.2.1 Overview 115 5.2.2 Technologies 116 5.2.3 Applications 120 5.3 CDMA PON 120 5.4 Point-to-Point Ethernet 122 5.5 Subcarrier Multiplexing and OFDM 123 5.5.1 Introduction 123 5.5.2 OFDMA PON 123 5.6 Conclusions 125 References 126 Further Readings 126 6 Hybrid Fiber Access Technologies 127 6.1 Introduction and Background 127 6.2 Evolution of DOCSIS (Data-Over-Cable Service Interface Specification) to Passive Optical Networks 127 6.2.1 Introduction and Background 127 6.2.2 DOCSIS Provisioning of EPON (DPoE) 128 6.2.3 Conclusions for DPoE 135 6.3 Radio and Radio Frequency Signals over Fiber 135 6.3.1 Radio over Fiber (RoF) 136 6.3.2 Baseband Digital Radio Fiber Interfaces 136 6.3.3 Radio Frequency over Glass (RFoG) 138 6.4 IEEE 802.3bn Ethernet Protocol over Coaxial Cable (EPoC) 140 6.5 Conclusions 140 References 141 Further Readings 141 7 DSL Technology – Broadband via Telephone Lines 143 7.1 Introduction to DSL 143 7.2 DSL Compared to Other Access Technologies 144 7.2.1 Security and Reliability 144 7.2.2 Point-to-Point Versus Shared Access 145 7.2.3 Common Facilities for Voice and DSL 146 7.2.4 Bit-rate Capacity 146 7.2.5 Hybrid Access 146 7.2.6 Future Trends for DSL Access 146 7.3 DSL Overview 147 7.3.1 Voice-band Modems 147 7.3.2 The DSL Concept 147 7.3.3 DSL Terminology 149 7.3.4 Introduction to DSL Types 151 7.3.5 DSL Performance Improvement, Repeaters, and Bonding 152 7.3.6 Splitters and Filters for Voice and Data 153 7.3.7 Other Ways to Convey Voice and Data 155 7.4 Transmission Channel and Impairments 156 7.4.1 Signal Attenuation 158 7.4.2 Bridged Taps 159 7.4.3 Loading Coils 162 7.4.4 Return Loss and Insertion Loss 163 7.4.5 Balance 163 7.4.6 Intersymbol Interference (ISI) 163 7.4.7 Noise 164 7.4.8 Transmission Channel Models 170 7.5 DSL Transmission Techniques 170 7.5.1 Duplexing 170 7.5.2 Channel Equalization and Related Techniques 171 7.5.3 Coding 172 References 174 Further Readings 174 8 The Family of DSL Technologies 175 8.1 ADSL 175 8.1.1 G.lite 176 8.1.2 ADSL2 and ADSL2plus 177 8.1.3 ADSL1 and ADSL2plus Performance 178 8.2 VDSL 179 8.2.1 VDSL2 181 8.2.2 VDSL2 Performance 182 8.3 Basic Rate Interface ISDN 184 8.4 HDSL, HDSL2, and HDLS4 185 8.5 SHDSL 185 8.6 G.fast (FTTC DSL) 187 Reference 188 9 Advanced DSL Techniques and Home Networking 189 9.1 Repeaters and Bonding 189 9.2 Dynamic Spectrum Management (DSM) 190 9.3 Vectored Transmission 190 9.4 Home Networking 195 References 195 Further Readings 195 10 DSL Standards 197 10.1 Spectrum Management – ANSI T1.417 197 10.2 G.hs – ITU-T Rec. G.994.1 199 10.3 PLOAM – ITU-T Rec. G.997.1 200 10.4 G.bond – ITU-T Recs. G.998.1, G.998.2, and G.998.3 201 10.5 G.test – ITU-T Rec. G.996.1 202 10.6 G.lt – ITU-T Rec. G.996.2 202 10.7 Broadband Forum DSL Testing Specifications 203 10.8 Broadband Forum TR-069 – Remote Management of CPE 204 References 205 11 The DOCSIS (Data-Over-Cable Service Interface Specification) Protocol 207 11.1 General Introduction 207 11.2 Introduction to MSO Networks 207 11.3 Background on Hybrid Fiber Coax (HFC) Networks 208 11.4 Introduction to DOCSIS 210 11.5 DOCSIS Network Elements 210 11.5.1 CMTS (Cable Modem Terminating System) 211 11.5.2 CM (Cable Modem) 212 11.5.3 FN (Fiber Node) 213 11.5.4 RF Combiner Shelf 213 11.6 Brief History of the DOCSIS Protocol Evolution 213 11.6.1 DOCSIS 1.0 214 11.6.2 DOCSIS 1.1 214 11.6.3 DOCSIS 2.0 214 11.6.4 DOCSIS 3.0 215 11.6.5 Regional History and Considerations 215 11.7 DOCSIS Physical Layer 216 11.7.1 DOCSIS Downstream Transmission 216 11.7.2 DOCSIS Upstream Transmission 218 11.8 Synchronization and Ranging 222 11.8.1 Synchronization 223 11.8.2 Ranging 224 11.9 DOCSIS MAC Sub-Layer 226 11.9.1 Downstream MAC 227 11.9.2 Upstream MAC 228 11.9.3 MAC Management Messages 232 11.9.4 MAC Parameters 233 11.10 CM Provisioning 239 11.11 Security 240 11.12 Introduction to Companion Protocols 242 11.12.1 The PacketCableTM Protocol 242 11.12.2 The OpenCableTM Protocol 242 11.12.3 PacketCable Multimedia (PCMM) 242 11.13 Conclusions 243 References 243 Further Readings 243 12 Broadband in Gas Line (BIG) 245 12.1 Introduction to BIG 245 12.2 Proposed Technology 245 12.3 Potential Drawbacks for BIG 245 12.4 Broadband Sewage Line 247 Reference 247 13 Power Line Communications 249 13.1 Introduction 249 13.2 The Early Years 250 13.3 Narrowband PLC 251 13.3.1 Overview of NB-PLC Standards 252 13.4 Broadband PLC 253 13.4.1 Overview of BB-PLC Standards 254 13.5 Power Grid Topologies 257 13.5.1 Outdoor Topologies: HV, MV, and LV 257 13.5.2 Indoor Topologies 258 13.6 Outdoor and In-Home Channel Characterization 261 13.6.1 Characteristics of the HV Power Line Channel 262 13.6.2 Characteristics of MV Power Line Channel 262 13.6.3 Characteristics of LV Power Line Channel 263 13.6.4 Power Line Noise Characteristics 263 13.7 Power Line Channel Modeling 269 13.7.1 Recent Results on the Modeling of Wireline Channels: Towards a Unified Framework 271 13.8 The IEEE 1901 Broadband over Power Line Standard 273 13.8.1 Overview of Technical Features 273 13.8.2 The MAC and the Two PLCPs 274 13.8.3 Access-Specific Features 275 13.9 PLC and the Smart Grid 277 13.9.1 PLC for MV 279 13.9.2 PLC for LV 279 13.10 Conclusions 283 References 284 Further Reading 285 14 Wireless Broadband Access: Air Interface Fundamentals 287 14.1 Introduction 287 14.2 Duplexing Techniques 287 14.2.1 Frequency-Division Duplex 288 14.2.2 Time-Division Duplex 288 14.3 Physical Layer Concepts 289 14.3.1 The Wireless Channel 289 14.3.2 Diversity 290 14.3.3 Channel Coding 291 14.3.4 Interleaving 291 14.3.5 Multi-Antenna Techniques and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) 291 14.4 Access Technology Concepts 295 14.4.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 295 14.4.2 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 295 14.4.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 295 14.4.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 297 14.4.5 MAC Protocols 299 14.5 Cross-Layer Algorithms 300 14.5.1 Link Adaptation 300 14.5.2 Channel-Dependent Scheduling 300 14.5.3 Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) and Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) 302 14.6 Example Application: Satellite Broadband Access 303 14.7 Summary 303 Further Reading 304 15 WiFi: IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN 305 15.1 Introduction 305 15.2 Technology Basics 306 15.2.1 System Overview 306 15.2.2 MAC Layer 308 15.2.3 Physical Layer 311 15.3 Technology Evolution 312 15.3.1 802.11 b 312 15.3.2 802.11 a/g 313 15.3.3 802.11 n 314 15.3.4 802.11 ac 316 15.4 WLAN Network Architecture 318 15.5 TV White Space and 802.11 af 320 15.6 Summary 320 Further Readings 321 16 UMTS: W-CDMA and HSPA 323 16.1 Introduction 323 16.2 Technology Basics 324 16.2.1 Network Architecture 324 16.2.2 Protocol Architecture 325 16.2.3 Physical Layer (L1) 327 16.2.4 Layer-2 334 16.2.5 Radio Resource Control (RRC) 336 16.3 UMTS Technology Evolution 338 16.3.1 Release 99 338 16.3.2 Release 5: High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) 339 16.3.3 Release 6: Enhanced Uplink 343 16.3.4 Release 7 347 16.3.5 Release 8 and Beyond 348 16.4 CDMA2000 350 16.5 Summary 351 Further Readings 352 17 Fourth Generation Systems: LTE and LTE-Advanced 353 17.1 Introduction 353 17.1.1 LTE Standardization 353 17.1.2 LTE Requirements 354 17.2 Release 8: The Basics of LTE 355 17.2.1 Network Architecture 355 17.2.2 PDN Connectivity, Bearers, and QoS Architecture 358 17.2.3 Protocol Architecture 360 17.2.4 Layer-1: The Physical Layer 361 17.2.5 Layer-2 and Cross-Layer Algorithms 370 17.2.6 Layer-3: Radio Resource Control (RRC) 380 17.3 Release 9: eMBMS and SON 383 17.3.1 Evolved Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (eMBMS) 384 17.3.2 Self-Organizing Networks (SON) 386 17.4 Release 10: LTE-Advanced 386 17.4.1 Carrier Aggregation 388 17.4.2 Heterogeneous Networks with Small Cells 391 17.5 Future of LTE-Advanced: Release 11 and Beyond 395 17.5.1 Cooperative Multi-Point (CoMP) 396 17.5.2 Release 12 and the Future of LTE 398 17.6 IEEE 802.16 and WiMAX Systems 399 17.7 Summary 400 Further Readings 402 18 Conclusions Regarding Broadband Access Networks and Technologies 403 Index 407

About the Author :
Dr Steven Gorshe, PMC-Sierra, Inc., USA Steven Gorshe received his B.S.E.E. degree from the University of Idaho in 1979 and his M.S.E.E. and Ph.D. degrees from Oregon State University in 1982 and 2002. Dr Arvind Raghavan, AT&T Labs, Inc., USA Arvind Raghavan is a Principal Member of Technical Staff at AT&T Labs. Mr Thomas Starr, AT&T Labs, Inc., USA Thomas Starr holds a MS degree in Computer Science and a BS degree in Computer Engineering from the University of Illinois in Urbana. Dr Stefano Galli, Panasonic, USA Stefano Galli received his M.S. degree and Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Rome "La Sapienza" (Italy) in 1994 and 1998, respectively.