Building an Effective Security Program for Distributed Energy Resources and Systems

Building an Effective Security Program for Distributed Energy Resources and Systems Build a critical and effective security program for DERs Building an Effective Security Program for Distributed Energy Resources and Systems requires a unified approach to establishing a critical security program for DER systems and Smart Grid applications. The methodology provided integrates systems security engineering principles, techniques, standards, and best practices. This publication introduces engineers on the design, implementation, and maintenance of a security program for distributed energy resources (DERs), smart grid, and industrial control systems. It provides security professionals with understanding the specific requirements of industrial control systems and real-time constrained applications for power systems. This book: Describes the cybersecurity needs for DERs and power grid as critical infrastructure Introduces the information security principles to assess and manage the security and privacy risks of the emerging Smart Grid technologies Outlines the functions of the security program as well as the scope and differences between traditional IT system security requirements and those required for industrial control systems such as SCADA systems Offers a full array of resources— cybersecurity concepts, frameworks, and emerging trends Security Professionals and Engineers can use Building an Effective Security Program for Distributed Energy Resources and Systems as a reliable resource that is dedicated to the essential topic of security for distributed energy resources and power grids. They will find standards, guidelines, and recommendations from standards organizations, such as ISO, IEC, NIST, IEEE, ENISA, ISA, ISACA, and ISF, conveniently included for reference within chapters.

Table of Contents:
Part I Understanding Security and Privacy Problem 1 Security 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Smart Grid 1.2.1 Traditional Power Grid Architecture 1.2.2 Smart Grid Definitions 1.2.3 Drivers for Change 1.2.4 Smart Grid Communication Infrastructure 1.3 Distributed Energy Resources 1.3.1 DER Characteristics 1.3.2 DER Uses 1.3.3 DER Systems 1.3.4  Microgrid 1.3.5 Virtual Power Plant 1.4 Scope of Security and Privacy 1.4.1 Security for the Smart Grid 1.4.2 Privacy 1.4.3 The Need for Security and Privacy 1.5 Computing and Information Systems for Business and Industrial Applications 1.5.1 Information Systems Classification 1.5.2 Information Systems in Power Grids 1.5.3 DER Information Systems 1.6  Integrated Systems in a Smart Grid 1.6.1 Trends 1.6.2 Characteristics 1.7 Critical Smart Grid Systems 1.7.1 Industrial Control Systems 1.7.2 SCADA Systems 1.7.3 Energy Management Systems 1.7.4 Advanced Meter Systems 1.8 Standards, Guidelines, and Recommendations 1.8.1 Overview of Various Standards 1.8.2 Key Standard Attributes and Conformance 1.8.3 Smart Grid Standards 1.8.3.1 Key Players in Smart Grid Standards Development 1.8.3.2 How to Use Standards 1.8.4 Cybersecurity Standards 2 Advancing Security 2.1 Emerging Technologies 2.1.1 Internet of Things 2.1.1.1 Characteristics of Objects 2.1.1.2 Technologies 2.1.1.3 IoT Applications 2.1.1.4 IoT Security and Privacy 2.1.1.5 Challenges 2.1.2 Internet of Everything (IoE) 2.1.3 Cyber-Physical Systems 2.1.4 Cyber-Physical Systems Applications 2.2 Cybersecurity 2.2.1 Cybersecurity Definitions 2.2.2 Understanding Cybersecurity Terms 2.2.3 Cybersecurity Evolution 2.3 Advancing Cybersecurity 2.3.1 Contributing Factors to Cybersecurity Success 2.3.2 Advancing Cybersecurity and Privacy Design 2.4 Smart Grid Cybersecurity: A Perspective on Comprehensive Characterization 2.4.1 Forces Shaping Cybersecurity 2.4.2 Smart Grid Trends 2.5 Security as a Personal, Organizational, National, and Global Priority 2.5.1 Security as Personal Priority 2.5.2 Protection of Private Information 2.5.3 Protecting Cyberspace as a National Asset 2.6 Cybersecurity for Electrical Sector as a National Priority 2.6.1  Need for Cybersecurity Solutions 2.6.2 The US Plans 2.7 The Need for Security and Privacy Programs 2.7.1 Security Program 2.7.2 Privacy Program 2.8 Standards, Guidelines, and Recommendations 2.8.1 Electricity Sector Guidance 2.8.2 International Collaboration References-Part1 Part II Applying Security Principles to Smart Grid 3 Principles of Cybersecurity 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Information Security 3.2.1 Terminology 3.2.2 Information Security Components 3.2.3  Security Principles 3.3 Security Related Concepts 3.3.1 Basic Security Concepts 3.3.2 The Basis for Security 3.4 Characteristics of Information 3.4.1 Data Transformation 3.4.2 Data Characteristics 3.4.3 Data Quality 3.4.4 Information Quality 3.4.5 System Quality 3.4.6  Data Quality Characteristics Assigned to Systems 3.5 Information Systems Characteristics 3.5.1 Software Quality 3.5.2 System Quality Attributes 3.6 Critical Information Systems 3.6.1 Critical Systems Characteristics 3.6.2 Information Life Cycle 3.6.3 Information Assurance 3.6.4 Critical Security Characteristics of Information 3.7 Information Security Models 3.7.1 Evolving Models 3.7.2 RMIAS Model 3.7.3 Information Security Goals 3.8 Standards, Guidelines, and Recommendations 3.8.1 SGIP Catalog of Standards 3.8.2 Cybersecurity Standards for Smart Grid 4 Applying Security Principles to Smart Grid 4.1 Smart Grid Security Goals 4.2 DERs Information Security Characteristics 4.2.1 Information Classification 4.2.2 Information Classification Levels 4.2.3 Information Evaluation Criteria 4.3 Infrastructure 4.3.1 Information Infrastructure 4.3.2 Information Assurance Infrastructure 4.3.3 Information Management Infrastructure 4.3.4 Outsourced Services 4.3.5 Information Security Management Infrastructure 4.3.6 Cloud Infrastructure 4.4 Smart Grid Infrastructure 4.4.1 Hierarchical Structures 4.4.2 Smart Grid Needs 4.4.3 Cyber Infrastructure 4.4.4 Smart Grid Technologies 4.5 Building an Information Infrastructure for Smart Grid 4.5.1 Various Perspectives 4.5.2 Challenges and Relevant Approaches 4.5.3 Common Employed Infrastructures 4.6 IT Systems versus Industrial Control Systems Infrastructure 4.6.1 Industrial Control Systems General Concepts 4.6.2 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Systems (SCADA) 4.6.3 Differences and Similarities 4.7 Convergence Trends 4.8 Standards, Guidelines, and Recommendations 5 Planning Security Protection 5.1 Threats and Vulnerabilities  5.1.1 Threats Characterization 5.1.2 Vulnerabilities Characteristics 5.2 Attacks 5.2.1 Attacks Categories 5.2.2 Reasons for Attack 5.3 Energy Sector: Threats, Vulnerabilities, and Attacks Overview 5.3.1 Threats 5.3.2 Vulnerabilities 5.3.3 Energy Sector Attacks 5.3.4 Smart Grid Cybersecurity Challenges 5.4 Security Controls 5.4.1 Security Controls Categories 5.4.2 Common Security Controls 5.4.3 Applying Security Controls to Smart Grid 5.5 Security Training and Skills 5.5.1 Education, Training, and Awareness 5.5.2 Security Awareness Program 5.6 Planning for Security and Privacy 5.6.1 Plan Structure 5.6.2 Security Team 5.7 Legal and Ethical Issues 5.8 Standards, Guidelines, and Recommendations References-Part2 Part III Security of Critical Infrastructure 6 Critical Infrastructure 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Critical Infrastructure 6.1.2 Critical Information Infrastructure 6.2 Associated Industries with Critical Infrastructure 6.2.1 US Critical Sectors 6.2.2 Other Countries 6.3 Critical Infrastructure Components 6.4 Energy Sector 6.4.1 Electrical Subsector 6.4.2 Smart Grid Infrastructure 6.5 Critical Infrastructures Interdependencies 6.5.1 Interdependency Dimensions 6.5.2 Dependencies 6.6 Electrical Power System 6.6.1 Electrical Power System Components 6.6.2  Electrical Power System Evolution and Challenges 6.6.3 Needs 6.7 Recent Threats and Vulnerabilities 6.7.1  Reported Cyber Attacks 6.7.2 ICS/SCADA Incidents and Challenges 6.7.2.1 Stuxnet Exploitation 6.7.2.2 Exposure to Post Stuxnet Malware in Rise 6.7.2.3 Inappropriate Design and Lack of Management 6.7.2.4 Safety 6.7.3 Equipment Failure 6.8 Standards, Guidelines, and Recommendations 7 Critical Infrastructure Protection 7.1 Critical Infrastructure Attacks and Challenges 7.1.1 Power Grid 7.1.2 Attacks on Information Technology and Telecommunications 7.1.3 Attacks in Manufacturing 7.1.4 Defense 7.2 The Internet as a Critical Infrastructure 7.3 Critical Infrastructure Protection 7.3.1 Policies, Laws, and Regulations 7.3.2 Protection Issues 7.4 Information Security Frameworks 7.4.1 NIST Cybersecurity Framework 7.4.2 NIST Updated Cybersecurity Framework 7.4.3 Generic Framework 7.5 NIST Privacy Framework 7.6 Addressing Security of Control Systems 7.6.1 Challenges 7.6.2 Terrorism Challenges 7.7 Emerging Technologies and Impacts 7.7.1 Control Systems Open to Internet 7.7.2 Wireless and Mobile 7.7.3 Internet of Things and Internet of Everything 7.7.4 WEB Technologies 7.7.5 Embedded Systems 7.7.6 Cloud Computing 7.8 Standards, Guidelines, and Recommendations 7.8.1 Department of Homeland Security (DHS) 7.8.2 Federal Communications Commission (FCC) 7.8.3 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 7.8.4 North American Energy Reliability Corporation (NERC) 7.8.5 Federal Regulatory Energy Commission 7.8.6 DOE Critical Infrastructure Guidance 7.8.7 US-CERT References-Part3 Part IV The Characteristics of Smart Grid and DER Systems 8 Smart Power Grid 8.1 Electric Power System 8.1.1 Power System Services 8.1.2 Power System Operations 8.1.3 Energy Management System Overview 8.1.4 Electrical Utilities Evolution 8.2 Smart Grid – What it Is? 8.2.1 Definitions 8.2.2 Vision of the Future Smart Grid 8.2.3 Tomorrow’s Utility 8.2.4 EMS Upgrades 8.2.5 Electricity Trade 8.2.6 Trading Capabilities 8.3 Smart Grid Characteristics 8.3.1 Relevant Characteristics 8.3.2 Electrical Infrastructure Evolution 8.4 Smart Grid Conceptual Models 8.4.1 NIST Conceptual Model 8.4.2 IEEE Model 8.4.3 European Conceptual Model 8.5 Power and Smart Devices 8.5.1 Smart Meters 8.5.2 Intelligent Electronic Devices 8.5.3 Phasor Measurement Units 8.5.4 Intelligent Universal Transformers 8.6 Examples of Key Technologies and Solutions 8.6.1 Communications Networks 8.6.2 Integrated Communications 8.6.3 Sensor Networks 8.6.4 Infrastructure for Transmission and Substations 8.6.5 Wireless Technologies 8.6.6 Advanced Metering Infrastructure 8.7 Networking Challenges 8.7.1 Architecture 8.7.2 Protocols 8.7.2 Constraints 8.8 Standards, Guidelines, and Recommendations 8.8.1 Smart Grid Interoperability 8.8.2 Representative Standards 9 Power Systems Characteristics 9.1 Analysis of Power Systems 9.1.1 Analysis of Basic Characteristics 9.1.2 Stability 9.1.3 Partial Stability 9.2 Analysis of Impacts 9.2.1  DERs Impacts 9.2.2 Interconnectivity 9.3 Reliability 9.3.1 Reliable System Characteristics 9.3.2 Addressing Reliability 9.3.3 Evaluating Reliability 9.3.4 ICT Reliability Issues 9.3.5 DERs Impacts 9.4 Resiliency 9.4.1 Increasing Resiliency 9.4.2 DERs Opportunities 9.5 Addressing Various Issues 9.5.1 Addressing Cybersecurity 9.5.2 Cyber-Physical System 9.5.3 Cyber-Physical Resilience 9.5.4 Related Characteristics, Relationships, Differences and Similarities 9.6  Power Systems Interoperability 9.6.1  Interoperability Dimensions 9.6.2 Smart Grid Interoperability 9.6.3 Interoperability Framework 9.6.6 Addressing Cross-Cutting Issues 9.7 Smart Grid Interoperability Challenges 9.8 Standards, Guidelines, and Recommendations 9.8.1 ISO/IEC Standards 9.8.2 IEEE Standards 10 Distributed Energy Systems 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Distributed Energy 10.2 Distributed Energy Resources 10.2.1 Energy Storage Technologies 10.2.2 Electric Vehicles 10.2.3 Distributed Energy Resource Systems 10.2.4 Electrical Energy Storage Systems 10.2.5 Virtual Power Plant 10.3 DER Applications and Security 10.3.1 Energy Storage Applications 10.3.2  Microgrid 10.4 Smart Grid Security Goals 10.4.1 Cybersecurity 10.4.2 Reliability and Security 10.4.3 DER Security Challenges 10.5  Security Governance in Energy Industry 10.5.1 Security Governance Overview 10.5.2 Information Governance 10.5.3 EAC Recommendations 10.5.4 Establishing Information Security Governance 10.5.5 Governance for Building Security In 10.6  What Kind of Threats and Vulnerabilities? 10.6.1 Threats 10.6.2 Reported Cyber Incidents 10.6.3 Vulnerabilities 10.6.4 ICS Reported Vulnerabilities 10.6.5  Addressing Privacy Issues 10.7 Examples of Smart Grid Applications 10.7.1 Smart Grid Expectations 10.7.2 Demand Response Management Systems (DRMS) 10.7.3 Distribution Automation 10.7.4 Advanced Distribution Management System 10.7.5 Smart Home 10.7.6 Smart Microgrid 10.8 Standards, Guidelines, and Recommendations 10.8.1 NIST Roadmap, Standards, and Guidelines 10.8.2 NERC CIP Standards 10.8.3 Security Standards Governance References-Part4 Part V Security Program Management 11 Security Management 11.1 Security Management Overview 11.1.1 Information Security 11.1.2 Security Management Components 11.1.3 Management Tasks 11.2 Security Program 11.2.1 Security Program Functions 11.2.2 Building a Security Program: Which Approach? 11.2.3  Security Management Process 11.3 Asset Management 11.3.1 Asset Management for Power System 11.3.2 Asset Management Perspectives 11.3.3 Benefits of Asset Management 11.3.3.1 DER Assets Classification 11.3.3.2 DER Asset Data 11.3.3.3 Asset Management Analytics 11.3.3.4 Applications 11.3.3.5 Asset Management Metrics 11.3.3.6 Asset Management Services 11.4 Physical Security and Safety 11.4.1 Physical Security Measures 11.4.2 Physical Security Evolution 11.4.3 Human Resources and Public Safety 11.5 Human and Technology Relationship 11.5.1 Use Impacts 11.5.2 DER Systems Challenges 11.5.3  Security vs. Safety 11.6 Information Security Management 11.6.1 Information Security Management Infrastructure 11.6.2 Enterprise Security Model 11.6.3 Cycle of the Continuous Information Security Process 11.6.4 Information Security Process for Smart Grid 11.6.5  Systems Engineering and Processes 11.7 Models and Frameworks for Information Security Management 11.7.1  ISMS Models 11.7.2 Information Security Management Maturity Model (ISM3) Model 11.7.3 BMIS Model 11.7.4 Systems Security Engineering - Capability Maturity Model (SSE-CMM) 11.7.5 Standard of Good Practice (SoGP) 11.7.6 Examples of Other Frameworks 11.7.7 Combining Models, Frameworks, Standards, and Best Practices 11.8 Standards, Guidelines, and Recommendations 12 Security Management for Smart Grid Systems 12.1 Strategic, Tactical, and Operational Security Management 12.1.1 Unified View of Smart Grid Systems 12.1.2 Organizational Security Model 12.2 Security as Business Issue 12.2.1 Strategic Management 12.2.2 Tactical Management 12.2.3 Operational Management 12.3 Systemic Security Management 12.3.1 Comparison and Discussion of Models 12.3.2 Efficient and Effective Management Solutions 12.3.3 Means for Improvement 12.4 Security Model for Electrical Sector 12.4.1 Electricity Subsector Cybersecurity Capability Maturity Model (ES-C2M2) 12.4.2 Which Guidance and Recommendations Apply to Electrical Sector? 12.4.3 Implementing ISMS 12.4.4 NIST Framework 12.4.5 Blueprints 12.4.6 Control Systems 12.5 Achieving Security Governance 12.5.1  Security Strategy Principles 12.5.2  Governance Definitions and Developments 12.5.3 Information Security Governance 12.5.4 Implementation Challenges 12.5.5 Responsibilities and Roles 12.5.6  Governance Model 12.6 Ensuring Information Assurance 12.6.1 NIST SP800-55 12.6.2 ISO/IEC 27004 12.7 Certification and Accreditation 12.7.1 Common Criteria 12.7.2 ISO/IEC 27001 12.7.3 ISMS Accreditation 12.8 Standards, Guidelines, and Recommendations 12.8.1 ISO/IEC Standards 12.8.2 ISA Standards 12.8.3 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 12.8.4 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) 12.8.5 ISF Standards 12.8.6 European Union Agency for Network and Information Security Guidelines 12.8.7 Information Assurance for Small Medium Enterprise (IASME) References-Part5 Appendix A Cybersecurity Appendix B Power Appendix C Critical Infrastructures and Energy Infrastructure Appendix D Smart Grid – Policy, Concepts, and Technologies Appendix J Acronyms Index

About the Author :
Mariana Hentea earned her PhD and MS in Computer Science , MS in Computer Engineering, and BS in Electrical Engineering. Her research is focused on Smart Grid and DER systems, real-time systems security and performance, network security design and architecture, and use of Artificial Intelligence techniques for information security management, security risk management, network management, and process control. As a member of IEEE Standards Association, she promotes Security and Privacy awareness to Engineers, managers, regulators, and consumers. She is a member of IEEE Smart Grid, IEEE Power & Energy Society, IEEE Computer Society, ISC2 and ISSA organizations. Dr. Hentea holds a CISSP certification from ISC2.