This fully revised edition provides a modern overview of the intersection of hydrology, water quality, and water management at the rural-urban interface. The book explores the ecosystem services available in wetlands, natural channels and ponds/lakes. As in the first edition, Part I examines the hydrologic cycle by providing strategies for quantifying each component: rainfall (with NOAH 14), infiltration, evapotranspiration and runoff. Part II examines field and farm scale water quality with an introduction to erosion prediction and water quality. Part III provides a concise examination of water management on the field and farm scale, emphasizing channel design, field control structures, measurement structures, groundwater processes and irrigation principles. Part IV then concludes the text with a treatment of basin-scale processes. A comprehensive suite of software tools is available for download, consisting of Excel spreadsheets, with some public domain models such as HY-8 culvert design, and software with public domain readers such as Mathematica, Maple and TK solver.
Table of Contents:
Acknowledgments, xv Preface, xvii
About the companion website, xix
1 Natural resources engineering opportunities, 1
1.1 Definitions, 2
1.2 The hydrologic cycle and the water–soil–air–biotic continuum, 3
1.3 Changing land uses due to societal forces, 4
1.4 Natural resources and ecological engineering scope addressed in this text, 5
1.5 Outlook, 11
References, 14
Part One: Quantifying the Hydrologic Cycle
2 Precipitation, 19
2.1 Precipitation mechanisms, types, and measurement, 19
2.2 Precipitation analysis, 23
2.3 Introduction to hydrologic frequency analysis, 25
2.4 Local-scale precipitation analysis, 29
2.5 Calculating storm magnitudes for design purposes, 30
2.5.1 Storm simulation, 30
2.5.2 Probable maximum precipitation, 34
2.6 Pollution transport by precipitation, 34
2.7 The water quality storm, 35
2.8 Climate change and precipitation, 35
2.9 Outlook, 36
References, 37
3 Infiltration, 39
3.1 Infiltration, percolation, and subsurface flow defined, 39
3.2 Factors affecting infiltration of aqueous materials, 40
3.3 Darcy’s law, 41
3.4 Water infiltration and percolation prediction, 45
3.5 Infiltration measurement, 50
3.6 Pollutant transport by subsurface flow, 51
3.7 Outlook, 53
References, 55
4 Evapotranspiration, 57
4.1 Background and factors affecting evapotranspiration, 57
4.2 Evaporation prediction approaches, 58
4.3 Evaporation from water surfaces based solely on aerodynamic effects or mass balance, 58
4.4 Evaporation prediction from the energy-balance–Bowen-ratio method, 60
4.5 Reference evaporation prediction accounting for aerodynamic effects and energy balance – the Penman–Monteith combination equation method, 62
4.6 Empirical and approximate methods for Ep, 70
4.7 Physical simulation and measurements of ET, 74
4.8 Outlook, 77
References, 79
5 Runoff, 81
5.1 Background, 81
5.2 Watershed or catchment delineation, 84
5.3 Runoff volume for a compact watershed, 86
5.4 Peak runoff rate with compact watersheds, 93
5.5 Selecting the design storm, 103
5.6 Frequency analysis of runoff, 111
5.7 Runoff from complex watersheds, 112
5.8 Outlook, 114
References, 118
Part Two: Field- and Farm-Scale Water Quality
6 Water erosion, 123
6.1 Background, 124
6.2 Factors affecting water erosion, 124
6.3 Soil erosion versus sediment yield, 125
6.4 Soil loss tolerance, 126
6.5 Water erosion types, 126
6.6 Erosion mechanics, 128
6.7 Predicting soil detachment and upland erosion, 129
6.8 The weighted RrfCprac factor for average annual erosion computation, 138
6.9 Prediction of sediment yield, 142
6.10 Legal aspects, 145
6.11 Modeling approaches for sediment yield prediction, 145
6.12 Erosion control practices in agriculture, 148
6.13 Erosion and sediment control with construction, 149
6.14 Erosion and nutrient pollution, 152
6.15 Outlook, 152
References, 156
7 Water quality and management at farm/field scales, 159
7.1 Water quality background, 159
7.2 Important concepts and selected pollution measurement techniques, 163
7.3 Scale effects, 165
7.4 Best management practices for nonpoint pollution abatement, 169
7.5 Quantitative removal and renovation of selected pollution constituents, 176
7.6 Modeling pollution fate and transport, 178
7.7 Outlook, 179
References, 181
Part Three: Water management on the field and farm scales
8 Open channel hydraulics – fundamentals, 185
8.1 Hydraulics fundamentals, 185
8.2 Channel design and construction, 194
8.3 Outlook, 208
References, 212
9 Vegetated waterways and bioswales, 215
9.1 Vegetated waterways and diversions, 215
9.2 Bioswales, 222
9.3 Outlook, 225
References, 226
10 On-site erosion management, 229
10.1 Terraces on the farm, 230
10.2 Erosion and sediment control in urban areas, 244
10.3 Outlook, 247
References, 251
11 Hydraulics of water management structures, 253
11.1 Structure types, 254
11.2 Hydraulic concepts, 258
11.3 Stage–discharge relationships of weir inlets and flumes, 259
11.4 Discharge relations of orifices and sluice gate inlet devices, 265
11.5 Flow hydraulics of closed conduits, 265
11.6 Stage–discharge curves for culverts and spillways, 275
11.7 Closed conduit systems for urban storm water collection, 281
11.8 Water measurement structures for irrigation and aquaculture, 282
11.9 Ecologic suitability, 282
11.10 Outlook, 284
References, 287
12 Hydraulics of Impoundments, 289
12.1 Soils fundamentals for embankment construction, 290
12.2 Flood routing through reservoirs and related structures, 297
12.3 General pond design, 303
12.4 Applications, 314
12.5 Outlook, 323
References, 329
13 Shallow Groundwater Management, 331
13.1 Surface drainage, 332
13.2 Subsurface flow fundamentals, 333
13.3 Pipe drainage, 335
13.4 Shallow wells, 347
13.5 Uniform infiltration and drainage to a nearby stream, 353
13.6 Outlook, 354
References, 356
14 Introduction to irrigation, 359
14.1 Irrigation systems overview, 360
14.2 Soil–water–plant relations, 362
14.3 Soil intake rate, 369
14.4 Water quality issues and leaching requirement for crop well-being, 369
14.5 Irrigation efficiency, 372
14.6 Effective rainfall and irrigation scheduling, 374
14.7 Computing ET requirements – peak ET, 376
14.8 Computing ET requirements – seasonal water use, 376
14.9 Irrigation pumping rate for meeting ET requirements, 377
14.10 Water rights and legal underpinnings, 378
14.11 Manual or wheel-move lateral sprinkler system design, 378
14.12 Center pivot system specification, 390
14.13 Linear move irrigation machines, 394
14.14 Design for nontraditional applications, 394
14.15 Microirrigation system design with pressure compensated emitters, 397
14.16 Safety, 401
14.17 Outlook, 401
References, 405
Part Four: Basin-scale Processes
15 Ecological assessment and engineering, 409
15.1 Watershed assessment background, 410
15.2 Watershed assessment methods, 411
15.3 Principles of ecological engineering and ecosystem services, 445
15.4 Outlook, 447
References, 450
Appendices
A Ethics, stakeholder views, case studies, and precision, 457
A catalog of ethical views, 458
Making sense of the ethical catalogue – one person’s view, 461
Resource economics – “social traps”, 462
Case study one – pitcher plant community viability, 463
Case study 2 – a hypothetical case concerning clean water act compliance, 466
Significant digits and presentation precision, 467
References, 468
B Selected Excel® and other software package solutions, 471
Selected symbolic solutions, 472
Determining bottom width and depth in a trapezoidal channel with known slope, side slope, and permissible velocity, 472
Determining depth and side slope in a triangular channel with known slope and permissible velocity, 473
Determining slope and depth in a triangular channel with known flow rate, permissible velocity and side slope (z), 473
References, 474
C Tractive force method for waterway design, 475
Riprap-lined or earthen waterways, 475
Vegetated waterways, 477
References, 479
D Land forming, structure selection, installation, and forces on conduits, 481
Land forming computations, 481
Impoundment and embankment volume calculations, 483
Setting slope stakes for cuts and fills, 486
Techniques for installation of channels and other structures, 486
Layout of circular curves, 487
Small channels or minor topography modifications, 489
Terrace construction and layout, 491
Post-construction stormwater management options, 494
Dry detention pond, 494
Extended wet detention pond, 494
Constructed wetlands, 494
Grass swale, 494
Filter strip and level spreader, 495
Infiltration trench, 495
Oil/grit separator, 495
Source (EPA post-construction) key definitions, 495
Materials specifications for channels and structures, 498
Rural road construction, 498
Buried pipe loading, 499
Trench safety, 502
References, 503
E Selected units conversions, 505
Index, 507
About the Author :
Professor Ernest William Tollner, University of Georgia, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering; Driftmier Engineering Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
