Engineering Hydrology for Natural Resources Engineers

This fully revised edition provides a modern overview of the intersection of hydrology, water quality, and water management at the rural-urban interface. The book explores the ecosystem services available in wetlands, natural channels and ponds/lakes. As in the first edition, Part I examines the hydrologic cycle by providing strategies for quantifying each component: rainfall (with NOAH 14), infiltration, evapotranspiration and runoff. Part II examines field and farm scale water quality with an introduction to erosion prediction and water quality. Part III provides a concise examination of water management on the field and farm scale, emphasizing channel design, field control structures, measurement structures, groundwater processes and irrigation principles. Part IV then concludes the text with a treatment of basin-scale processes. A comprehensive suite of software tools is available for download, consisting of Excel spreadsheets, with some public domain models such as HY-8 culvert design, and software with public domain readers such as Mathematica, Maple and TK solver.

Table of Contents:
Acknowledgments, xv Preface, xvii About the companion website, xix 1 Natural resources engineering opportunities, 1 1.1 Definitions, 2 1.2 The hydrologic cycle and the water–soil–air–biotic continuum, 3 1.3 Changing land uses due to societal forces, 4 1.4 Natural resources and ecological engineering scope addressed in this text, 5 1.5 Outlook, 11 References, 14 Part One: Quantifying the Hydrologic Cycle 2 Precipitation, 19 2.1 Precipitation mechanisms, types, and measurement, 19 2.2 Precipitation analysis, 23 2.3 Introduction to hydrologic frequency analysis, 25 2.4 Local-scale precipitation analysis, 29 2.5 Calculating storm magnitudes for design purposes, 30 2.5.1 Storm simulation, 30 2.5.2 Probable maximum precipitation, 34 2.6 Pollution transport by precipitation, 34 2.7 The water quality storm, 35 2.8 Climate change and precipitation, 35 2.9 Outlook, 36 References, 37 3 Infiltration, 39 3.1 Infiltration, percolation, and subsurface flow defined, 39 3.2 Factors affecting infiltration of aqueous materials, 40 3.3 Darcy’s law, 41 3.4 Water infiltration and percolation prediction, 45 3.5 Infiltration measurement, 50 3.6 Pollutant transport by subsurface flow, 51 3.7 Outlook, 53 References, 55 4 Evapotranspiration, 57 4.1 Background and factors affecting evapotranspiration, 57 4.2 Evaporation prediction approaches, 58 4.3 Evaporation from water surfaces based solely on aerodynamic effects or mass balance, 58 4.4 Evaporation prediction from the energy-balance–Bowen-ratio method, 60 4.5 Reference evaporation prediction accounting for aerodynamic effects and energy balance – the Penman–Monteith combination equation method, 62 4.6 Empirical and approximate methods for Ep, 70 4.7 Physical simulation and measurements of ET, 74 4.8 Outlook, 77 References, 79 5 Runoff, 81 5.1 Background, 81 5.2 Watershed or catchment delineation, 84 5.3 Runoff volume for a compact watershed, 86 5.4 Peak runoff rate with compact watersheds, 93 5.5 Selecting the design storm, 103 5.6 Frequency analysis of runoff, 111 5.7 Runoff from complex watersheds, 112 5.8 Outlook, 114 References, 118 Part Two: Field- and Farm-Scale Water Quality 6 Water erosion, 123 6.1 Background, 124 6.2 Factors affecting water erosion, 124 6.3 Soil erosion versus sediment yield, 125 6.4 Soil loss tolerance, 126 6.5 Water erosion types, 126 6.6 Erosion mechanics, 128 6.7 Predicting soil detachment and upland erosion, 129 6.8 The weighted RrfCprac factor for average annual erosion computation, 138 6.9 Prediction of sediment yield, 142 6.10 Legal aspects, 145 6.11 Modeling approaches for sediment yield prediction, 145 6.12 Erosion control practices in agriculture, 148 6.13 Erosion and sediment control with construction, 149 6.14 Erosion and nutrient pollution, 152 6.15 Outlook, 152 References, 156 7 Water quality and management at farm/field scales, 159 7.1 Water quality background, 159 7.2 Important concepts and selected pollution measurement techniques, 163 7.3 Scale effects, 165 7.4 Best management practices for nonpoint pollution abatement, 169 7.5 Quantitative removal and renovation of selected pollution constituents, 176 7.6 Modeling pollution fate and transport, 178 7.7 Outlook, 179 References, 181 Part Three: Water management on the field and farm scales 8 Open channel hydraulics – fundamentals, 185 8.1 Hydraulics fundamentals, 185 8.2 Channel design and construction, 194 8.3 Outlook, 208 References, 212 9 Vegetated waterways and bioswales, 215 9.1 Vegetated waterways and diversions, 215 9.2 Bioswales, 222 9.3 Outlook, 225 References, 226 10 On-site erosion management, 229 10.1 Terraces on the farm, 230 10.2 Erosion and sediment control in urban areas, 244 10.3 Outlook, 247 References, 251 11 Hydraulics of water management structures, 253 11.1 Structure types, 254 11.2 Hydraulic concepts, 258 11.3 Stage–discharge relationships of weir inlets and flumes, 259 11.4 Discharge relations of orifices and sluice gate inlet devices, 265 11.5 Flow hydraulics of closed conduits, 265 11.6 Stage–discharge curves for culverts and spillways, 275 11.7 Closed conduit systems for urban storm water collection, 281 11.8 Water measurement structures for irrigation and aquaculture, 282 11.9 Ecologic suitability, 282 11.10 Outlook, 284 References, 287 12 Hydraulics of Impoundments, 289 12.1 Soils fundamentals for embankment construction, 290 12.2 Flood routing through reservoirs and related structures, 297 12.3 General pond design, 303 12.4 Applications, 314 12.5 Outlook, 323 References, 329 13 Shallow Groundwater Management, 331 13.1 Surface drainage, 332 13.2 Subsurface flow fundamentals, 333 13.3 Pipe drainage, 335 13.4 Shallow wells, 347 13.5 Uniform infiltration and drainage to a nearby stream, 353 13.6 Outlook, 354 References, 356 14 Introduction to irrigation, 359 14.1 Irrigation systems overview, 360 14.2 Soil–water–plant relations, 362 14.3 Soil intake rate, 369 14.4 Water quality issues and leaching requirement for crop well-being, 369 14.5 Irrigation efficiency, 372 14.6 Effective rainfall and irrigation scheduling, 374 14.7 Computing ET requirements – peak ET, 376 14.8 Computing ET requirements – seasonal water use, 376 14.9 Irrigation pumping rate for meeting ET requirements, 377 14.10 Water rights and legal underpinnings, 378 14.11 Manual or wheel-move lateral sprinkler system design, 378 14.12 Center pivot system specification, 390 14.13 Linear move irrigation machines, 394 14.14 Design for nontraditional applications, 394 14.15 Microirrigation system design with pressure compensated emitters, 397 14.16 Safety, 401 14.17 Outlook, 401 References, 405 Part Four: Basin-scale Processes 15 Ecological assessment and engineering, 409 15.1 Watershed assessment background, 410 15.2 Watershed assessment methods, 411 15.3 Principles of ecological engineering and ecosystem services, 445 15.4 Outlook, 447 References, 450 Appendices A Ethics, stakeholder views, case studies, and precision, 457 A catalog of ethical views, 458 Making sense of the ethical catalogue – one person’s view, 461 Resource economics – “social traps”, 462 Case study one – pitcher plant community viability, 463 Case study 2 – a hypothetical case concerning clean water act compliance, 466 Significant digits and presentation precision, 467 References, 468 B Selected Excel® and other software package solutions, 471 Selected symbolic solutions, 472 Determining bottom width and depth in a trapezoidal channel with known slope, side slope, and permissible velocity, 472 Determining depth and side slope in a triangular channel with known slope and permissible velocity, 473 Determining slope and depth in a triangular channel with known flow rate, permissible velocity and side slope (z), 473 References, 474 C Tractive force method for waterway design, 475 Riprap-lined or earthen waterways, 475 Vegetated waterways, 477 References, 479 D Land forming, structure selection, installation, and forces on conduits, 481 Land forming computations, 481 Impoundment and embankment volume calculations, 483 Setting slope stakes for cuts and fills, 486 Techniques for installation of channels and other structures, 486 Layout of circular curves, 487 Small channels or minor topography modifications, 489 Terrace construction and layout, 491 Post-construction stormwater management options, 494 Dry detention pond, 494 Extended wet detention pond, 494 Constructed wetlands, 494 Grass swale, 494 Filter strip and level spreader, 495 Infiltration trench, 495 Oil/grit separator, 495 Source (EPA post-construction) key definitions, 495 Materials specifications for channels and structures, 498 Rural road construction, 498 Buried pipe loading, 499 Trench safety, 502 References, 503 E Selected units conversions, 505 Index, 507

About the Author :
Professor Ernest William Tollner, University of Georgia, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering; Driftmier Engineering Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.