An all-encompassing text that focuses on the fundamentals of power integrity
Power integrity is the study of power distribution from the source to the load and the system level issues that can occur across it. For computer systems, these issues can range from inside the silicon to across the board and may egress into other parts of the platform, including thermal, EMI, and mechanical.
With a focus on computer systems and silicon level power delivery, this book sheds light on the fundamentals of power integrity, utilizing the author’s extensive background in the power integrity industry and unique experience in silicon power architecture, design, and development. Aimed at engineers interested in learning the essential and advanced topics of the field, this book offers important chapter coverage of fundamentals in power distribution, power integrity analysis basics, system-level power integrity considerations, power conversion in computer systems, chip-level power, and more.
Fundamentals of Power Integrity for Computer Platforms and Systems:
- Introduces readers to both the field of power integrity and to platform power conversion
- Provides a unique focus on computer systems and silicon level power delivery unavailable elsewhere
- Offers detailed analysis of common problems in the industry
- Reviews electromagnetic field and circuit representation
- Includes a detailed bibliography of references at the end of each chapter
- Works out multiple example problems within each chapter
Including additional appendixes of tables and formulas, Fundamentals of Power Integrity for Computer Platforms and Systems is an ideal introductory text for engineers of power integrity as well as those in the chip design industry, specifically physical design and packaging.
Table of Contents:
Foreword by James L. Knighten xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Acronyms xvii
1 Introduction to Power Integrity 1
1.1 Definition for Power Integrity, 2
1.2 Historical Perspective on Power Integrity Drivers, 3
1.3 First Principles Analysis, 6
1.3.1 Steps to Solve Power Distribution Problems, 7
1.3.2 Limitations in the Analytical and Numerical Process, 9
1.4 Scope of the Text, 13
References, 15
2 Introduction to Platform Power Conversion 16
2.1 Power Distribution System, 17
2.1.1 Centralized and Distributed Distribution Systems, 17
2.1.2 Static Losses in the System Power Path, 18
2.2 Platform DC-to-DC Power Conversion, 21
2.2.1 Popular Converter Types, 22
2.2.2 The Linear Regulator, 22
2.2.3 The Buck Regulator, 26
2.2.4 LC Filter Operation, 32
2.2.5 Power Switch Basics, 34
2.2.6 The Controller, 39
2.2.7 Inductors, 41
2.2.8 Coupled Inductors, 44
2.2.9 Multi-phase Buck Converters, 45
2.2.10 The Tapped-Inductor Buck Converter, 47
2.3 Layout and Noise Considerations, 48
2.4 Summary, 50
References, 51
Problems, 51
3 Review of Electromagnetic Field and Circuit Representations 53
3.1 Vectors and Scalars, 54
3.1.1 Coordinate Systems, 55
3.1.2 Vector Operations and Vector Calculus, 58
3.2 Static Fields, 60
3.2.1 Electrostatics, 60
3.2.2 Magneto-Statics, 68
3.2.3 Conduction and Resistance, 72
3.3 Maxwell’s Equations, 74
3.3.1 The Wave Equation, 75
3.3.2 Lossless and Lossy Media, 77
3.4 Useful and Simple Circuit Extractions, 79
3.4.1 “Power Plane” Inductance, 79
3.4.2 Inductance of Two Circular Wires in Space, 80
3.4.3 Resistance between Two Vias in a Power Plane, 83
3.4.4 Notes on Applicability of Formulas, 84
3.5 Summary, 84
References, 85
Problems, 86
4 Power Distribution Network 88
4.1 The Power Distribution Network, 89
4.2 PDN Elements, 94
4.2.1 PCB Network, 95
4.2.2 Socket Distribution, 102
4.2.3 Contact Resistance, 104
4.2.4 Package Distribution, 108
4.2.5 Decoupling Basics and Capacitors, 112
4.3 Impedance Distribution Analysis, 117
4.3.1 Analysis of a PDN Structure through First Principals, 117
4.3.2 Analysis of a Full PDN Structure, 122
4.4 Summary, 127
References, 128
Problems, 129
5 Power Integrity Time-Domain and Boundary Analysis 131
5.1 Source and Load Modeling, 131
5.1.1 Source Representations, 132
5.1.2 Load Representations, 145
5.2 Time-Dependent Systems, 152
5.2.1 Voltage Bus Droop Boundary Conditions, 153
5.2.2 Voltage Bus Droop Boundary Analysis, 154
5.3 Impedance/Load Boundary Analysis, 158
5.4 Summary, 165
References, 166
Problems, 167
6 System Considerations for Power Integrity 168
6.1 Power Loadline Fundamentals, 169
6.1.1 Loadline, 170
6.1.2 Tolerance Band and Voltage Guardband, 172
6.2 Noise Generation Considerations in Power Integrity, 181
6.2.1 Self-generated Power Bus Noise, 181
6.2.2 Coupled Power Bus Noise, 186
6.2.3 Simultaneous Switching Noise, 194
6.3 Power Noise Reduction Techniques, 196
6.4 EMI Considerations for Power Integrity, 199
6.5 Power Integrity PDN in System Measurements, 205
6.6 Summary, 207
References, 208
Problems, 210
7 Silicon Power Distribution and Analysis 211
7.1 Silicon and Package Power Integrity, 212
7.1.1 Silicon Interconnection for Power Distribution, 215
7.1.2 Resistance and Current Density Considerations, 219
7.1.3 PDN Considerations for On-package VR Systems, 226
7.2 Silicon and Package Power Delivery, 232
7.2.1 On-package Power Delivery, 233
7.2.2 Package and On-Silicon Power Delivery Trade-offs, 234
7.3 On-die Decoupling, 237
7.4 Advanced Topics in Power on Silicon, 242
7.5 Summary, 244
References, 245
Problems, 246
Appendix A Table of Inductances for Commonly Used Geometries 247
Appendix B Spherical Coordinate System 250
Appendix C Vector Identities and Formulae 252
Index 255
About the Author :
J. TED DIBENE II, PhD, is a Senior Power Architect at Intel Corporation. His main focus is in the area of power management and power delivery for advanced microprocessors, SoC’s, and other silicon devices. Prior to joining Intel, Dr. DiBene held the position of CTO at INCEP Technologies Inc., which he cofounded in 1999.
