Principles of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning in Buildings

Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning by J. W. Mitchell and J. E. Braun provides foundational knowledge for the behavior and analysis of HVAC systems and related devices.  The emphasis of this text is on the application of engineering principles that features tight integration of physical descriptions with a software program that allows performance to be directly calculated, with results that provide insight into actual behavior. Furthermore, the text offers more examples, end-of-chapter problems, and design projects that represent situations an engineer might face in practice and are selected to illustrate the complex and integrated nature of an HVAC system or piece of equipment.

Table of Contents:
Fundamentals 1 Introduction to HVAC Systems 1 1.1 Systems and Definitions 1 1.2 History of Air Conditioning 3 1.3 Trends in Energy Use and Impact 5 1.4 HVAC System Design and Operation 7 1.5 Energy Costs  1.6 Book Philosophy and Organization 11 1.7 Units 13 1.8 Summary 14 Problems 14 2 System Analysis Techniques and the Use of EES 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Introduction to EES 19 2.3 Common Problems Encountered when Using EES 22 2.4 Curve Fitting Using EES 26 2.5 Optimization Using EES 29 2.6 Successful Problem Solving Using EES 31 2.7 Summary 34 Problems 35 3 Thermodynamics and Fluid Flow in HVAC Applications 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Conservation of Mass 39 3.3 Conservation of Energy 41 3.4 Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances 43 3.5 Thermodynamic Limits on Performance 45 3.6 Thermodynamic Work Relations for Pure Substances 47 3.7 Thermodynamic Relations for Fluid Flow 48 3.8 Energy Loss Mechanisms in Fluid Flow 54 3.9 Summary 59 Problems 59 4 Heat Transfer in HVAC Applications 61 4.1 Introduction 61 4.2 Conduction Heat Transfer 61 4.3 Convection Heat Transfer 67 4.4 Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer 76 4.5 Transient Heat Transfer 83 4.6 Combined-Mode Heat Transfer 87 4.7 Summary 92 Problems 92 5 Psychrometrics for HVAC Applications 95 5.1 Introduction 95 5.2 Moist Air Properties 95 5.3 The Psychrometric Chart 102 5.4 The Standard Atmosphere 103 5.5 Determining Psychrometric Properties Using EES 105 5.6 Psychrometric Applications 109 5.7 Heat and Mass Transfer for Air–Water Vapor Mixtures 126 5.8 Summary 132 Problems 133 6 Overview of HVAC Systems 137 6.1 Introduction 137 6.2 Overview of HVAC Systems and Components 137 6.3 Energy Comparison Between CAV and VAV Systems 144 6.4 HVAC System Performance Calculations 145 6.5 ASHRAE Load Calculation Equations 153 6.6 HVAC System Improvements and Alternatives 156 6.7 Summary 167 Problems 167 7 Thermal Comfort and Air Quality 171 7.1 Introduction 171 7.2 Criteria for Occupant Comfort Inside Buildings 171 7.3 Criteria for Indoor Air Quality 179 7.4 Summary 182 Problems 183 Building Heating and Cooling Loads 8 Weather Data, Statistics, and Processing 185 8.1 Introduction 185 8.2 Design Temperature Parameters for HVAC Systems 186 8.3 Ambient Temperature and Humidity Correlations 190 8.4 Degree-Day Data and Correlations 195 8.5 Bin Method Data 200 8.6 Ground Temperature Correlations 202 8.7 Solar Radiation Fundamentals 205 8.8 Clear-Sky Solar Radiation 213 8.9 Weather Records 216 8.10 Summary 219 Problems 219 9 Components of Building Heat Loss and Gain 221 9.1 Introduction 221 9.2 Thermal Resistance and Conductance of Building Elements 222 9.3 Heat Flow Through Opaque Exterior Surfaces 225 9.4 Transient Heat Flow Through Building Elements 228 9.5 Heat Flow Through Building Elements—Transfer Function Approach 234 9.6 Heat Flow Through Building Elements—Thermal Network Approach 240 9.7 Heat Flow Through Glazing 244 9.8 Energy Flows Due to Ventilation and Infiltration 247 9.9 Internal Thermal Gains 256 9.10 Summary 258 Problems 259 10 Heating and Cooling Loads 265 10.1 Introduction 265 10.2 Design Heating Load 266 10.3 Design Sensible Cooling Load Using the Heat Balance Method 268 10.4 The Heat Balance Method Using the Thermal Network Approach 273 10.5 Design Latent Cooling Load 276 10.6 Design Loads Using the Thermal Network Method 277 10.7 Summary 286 Problems 287 Equipment 11 Air Distribution Systems 289 11.1 Introduction 289 11.2 Pressure Drops in Duct Systems 290 11.3 Design Methods for Air Distribution Systems 298 11.4 Fan Characteristics 311 11.5 Interaction Between Fan and Distribution System 315 11.6 Air Distribution in Zones 318 11.7 Heat Losses and Gains for Ducts 320 11.8 Air Leakage from Ducts 322 11.9 Summary 323 Problems 324 12 Liquid Distribution Systems 329 12.1 Introduction 329 12.2 Head Loss and Pressure Drop in Liquid Distribution Systems 329 12.3 Water Distribution Systems 332 12.4 Steam Distribution Systems 335 12.5 Pump Characteristics 338 12.6 Heat Loss and Gain for Pipes 340 12.7 Summary 342 Problems 342 13 Heat Exchangers for Heating and Cooling Applications 345 13.1 Introduction 345 13.2 Overall Heat Transfer Conductance 347 13.3 Heat Exchanger Thermal Performance 349 13.4 Heating Coil Selection Process 355 13.5 Cooling Coil Processes 361 13.6 Cooling Coil Performance Using a Heat Transfer Analogy 362 13.7 Cooling Coil Selection Procedure 368 13.8 Summary 376 Problems 376 14 Cooling Towers and Desiccant Dehumidification Systems 379 14.1 Introduction 379 14.2 Cooling Towers 379 14.3 Cooling Tower Performance using an Analogy to Heat Transfer 381 14.4 Cooling Tower Selection Procedure 385 14.5 Desiccant Dehumidifiers 388 14.6 Desiccant Dehumidification Systems 393 14.7 Summary 397 Problems 398 15 Vapor Compression Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Systems 401 15.1 Introduction 401 15.2 Vapor Compression System 401 15.3 Refrigerants 407 15.4 Vapor Compression System Compressors 412 15.5 Vapor Compression System Performance 416 15.6 Alternative Vapor Compression System Concepts 421 15.7 Summary 429 Problems 429 16 Heat Pump Systems 433 16.1 Introduction 433 16.2 Air Source Heat Pumps 435 16.3 Ground Source Heat Pumps 441 16.4 Water Loop Heat Pump Systems 443 16.5 Summary 444 Problems 444 17 Thermal Storage Systems 447 17.1 Introduction 447 17.2 Ice Storage Systems 451 17.3 Chilled Water Storage Systems 452 17.4 Cold Air Distribution Systems 453 17.5 Building Thermal Storage 454 17.6 Thermal Storage Control Strategies 456 17.7 Performance Characteristics of Ice Storage Tanks 460 17.8 Selection of Ice Storage Capacity 466 17.9 Summary 471 Problems 471 Design and Control of HVAC Systems 18 Building and HVAC Energy Use 475 18.1 Introduction 475 18.2 Weather Data for Energy Use Calculations 475 18.3 Degree-day Method for Estimation of Heating Energy Use 476 18.4 Bin Method for Estimating Energy Use 479 18.5 Simulation Methods for Estimating Energy Use 486 18.6 Thermal Network Method for Estimating Building Energy Use 487 18.7 Summary 491 Problems 492 19 HVAC Control Principles 497 19.1 Introduction 497 19.2 Feedback Control Techniques 500 19.3 Implementation of Local Loop Control 517 19.4 Advanced Control Techniques 518 19.5 Summary 521 Problems 521 20 Supervisory Control 523 20.1 Introduction 523 20.2 Introduction to Optimal Operation of HVAC Systems 525 20.3 Optimization Statement for All-Electric Cooling Plants Without Storage 531 20.4 Model-based Optimization Procedure 531 20.5 Quadratic Optimization Procedure 533 20.6 Simplified Control Strategies for System Components 536 20.7 Optimization Statement for All-Electric Cooling Plants with Storage 544 20.8 Simplified Control Strategies for Systems with Storage 545 20.9 Methods for Forecasting Building Loads 548 20.10 Summary 550 Problems 551 21 Designing HVAC Systems 555 21.1 Introduction 555 21.2 Design Methodology 555 21.3 Life-Cycle Cost 562 21.4 Rules of Thumb 564 21.5 Design Problems for the Students 565 Problems 566 Appendix A: Thermal Property Values 573 Appendix B: Psychrometric Charts for Sea-Level Conditions 575 Appendix C: Wall and Roof Property Data 577 References 583 Nomenclature 589 Index 595

About the Author :
John Mitchell is an emeritus professor at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. He received his Ph.D from Stanford University.He is currently working with Wiley on a Thermal Sciences concept inventory project. James Braun is a professor of Mechanical Engineering at Purdue. He received his Ph.D from the University of Wisconsin in 1988. HVAC is his primary research area.