Details simple design methods for multiphase reactors in the chemical process industries
- Includes basic aspects of transport in multiphase reactors and the importance of relatively reliable and simple procedures for predicting mass transfer parameters
- Details of design and scale up aspects of several important types of multiphase reactors
- Examples illustrated through design methodologies presenting different reactors for reactions that are industrially important
- Includes simple spreadsheet packages rather than complex algorithms / programs or computational aid
Table of Contents:
Foreword xv
Preface xvii
1 Evolution of the Chemical Industry and Importance of Multiphase Reactors 1
1.1 Evolution of Chemical Process Industries 1
1.2 Sustainable and Green Processing Requirements in the Modern Chemical Industry 4
1.3 Catalysis 9
1.4 Parameters Concerning Catalyst Effectiveness in Industrial Operations 17
1.5 Importance of Advanced Instrumental Techniques in Understanding Catalytic Phenomena 20
1.6 Role of Nanotechnology in Catalysis 21
1.7 Click Chemistry 21
1.8 Role of Multiphase Reactors 22
2 Multiphase Reactors: The Design and Scale-Up Problem 30
2.1 Introduction 30
2.2 The Scale-Up Conundrum 31
2.3 Intrinsic Kinetics: Invariance with Respect to Type/Size of Multiphase Reactor 34
2.4 Transport Processes: Dependence on Type/Size of Multiphase Reactor 34
2.5 Prediction of the Rate-Controlling Step in the Industrial Reactor 35
2.6 Laboratory Methods for Discerning Intrinsic Kinetics of Multiphase Reactions 35
3 Multiphase Reactors: Types and Criteria for Selection for a Given Application 47
3.1 Introduction to Simplified Design Philosophy 47
3.2 Classification of Multiphase Reactors 48
3.3 Criteria for Reactor Selection 48
3.4 Some Examples of Large-Scale Applications of Multiphase Reactors 55
4 Turbulence: Fundamentals and Relevance to Multiphase Reactors 87
4.1 Introduction 87
4.2 Fluid Turbulence 88
5 Principles of Similarity and Their Application for Scale-Up of Multiphase Reactors 93
5.1 Introduction to Principles of Similarity and a Historic Perspective 93
5.2 States of Similarity of Relevance to Chemical Process Equipments 94
6 Mass Transfer in Multiphase Reactors: Some Theoretical Considerations 106
6.1 Introduction 106
6.2 Purely Empirical Correlations Using Operating Parameters and Physical Properties 107
6.3 Correlations Based on Mechanical Similarity 108
6.4 Correlations Based on Hydrodynamic/Turbulence Regime Similarity 116
7A Stirred Tank Reactors for Chemical Reactions 143
7A.1 Introduction 143
7A.2 Power Requirements of Different Impellers 147
7A.3 Hydrodynamic Regimes in Two-Phase (Gas–Liquid) Stirred Tank Reactors 148
7A.4 Hydrodynamic Regimes in Three-Phase (Gas–Liquid–Solid) Stirred Tank Reactors 153
7A.5 Gas Holdup in Stirred Tank Reactors 155
7A.6 Gas–Liquid Mass Transfer Coefficient in Stirred Tank Reactor 166
7A.7 Solid–Liquid Mass Transfer Coefficient in Stirred Tank Reactor 175
7A.8 Design of Stirred Tank Reactors with Internal Cooling Coils 194
7A.9 Stirred Tank Reactor with Internal Draft Tube 196
7A.10 Worked Example: Design of Stirred Reactor for Hydrogenation of Aniline to Cyclohexylamine (Capacity: 25000 Metric Tonnes per Year) 198
7B Stirred Tank Reactors for Cell Culture Technology 216
7B.1 Introduction 216
7B.2 The Biopharmaceutical Process and Cell Culture Engineering 224
7B.3 Types of Bioreactors 229
7B.4 Modes of Operation of Bioreactors 230
7B.5 Cell Retention Techniques for Use in Continuous Operation in Suspended Cell Perfusion Processes 233
7B.6 Types of Cells and Modes of Growth 253
7B.7 Growth Phases of Cells 254
7B.8 The Cell and Its Viability in Bioreactors 256
7B.9 Hydrodynamics 264
7B.10 Gas Dispersion 273
7B.11 Solid Suspension 279
7B.12 Mass Transfer 281
7B.13 Foaming in Cell Culture Systems: Effects on Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer 285
7B.14 Heat Transfer in Stirred Bioreactors 287
7B.15 Worked Cell Culture Reactor Design Example 291
7B.16 Special Aspects of Stirred Bioreactor Design 295
7B.17 Concluding Remarks 298
8 Venturi Loop Reactor 317
8.1 Introduction 317
8.2 Application Areas for the Venturi Loop Reactor 317
8.3 Advantages of the Venturi Loop Reactor: A Detailed Comparison 323
8.4 The Ejector-Based Liquid Jet Venturi Loop Reactor 326
8.5 The Ejector–Diffuser System and Its Components 332
8.6 Hydrodynamics of Liquid Jet Ejector 333
8.7 Design of Venturi Loop Reactor 358
8.8 Solid Suspension in Venturi Loop Reactor 385
8.9 Solid–Liquid Mass Transfer 388
8.10 Holding Vessel Size 389
8.11 Recommended Overall Configuration 389
8.12 Scale-Up of Venturi Loop Reactor 390
8.13 Worked Examples for Design of Venturi Loop Reactor: Hydrogenation of Aniline to Cyclohexylamine 390
9 Gas-Inducing Reactors 407
9.1 Introduction and Application Areas of Gas-Inducing Reactors 407
9.2 Mechanism of Gas Induction 409
9.3 Classification of Gas-Inducing Impellers 410
9.4 Multiple-Impeller Systems Using 2–2 Type Impeller for Gas Induction 429
9.5 Worked Example: Design of Gas-Inducing System with Multiple Impellers for Hydrogenation of Aniline to Cyclohexylamine (Capacity: 25000 Metric Tonnes per Year) 441
10 Two- and Three-Phase Sparged Reactors 451
10.1 Introduction 451
10.2 Hydrodynamic Regimes in TPSR 452
10.3 Gas Holdup 457
10.4 Solid–Liquid Mass Transfer Coefficient (KSL) 466
10.5 Gas–Liquid Mass Transfer Coefficient (kLa) 468
10.6 Axial Dispersion 472
10.7 Comments on Scale-Up of TPSR/Bubble Columns 474
10.8 Reactor Design Example for Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis Reactor 474
10.9 TPSR (Loop) with Internal Draft Tube (BCDT) 481
Nomenclature 493
References 496
ndex 505
About the Author :
Vishwas Govind Pangarkar was Professor and head of the Chemical Engineering Department of the University Institute of Chemical Technology in Mumbai, India. He has been actively engaged as a consultant in the chemical industry since 1974 for both Indian and overseas companies. He is the (co)author of three books and over 130 professional papers. He is the only Indian winner of both Herdillia and NOCIL Awards of The Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers, which are for excellence in such diverse fields as basic research and industrial innovations.
Review :
"The book presents the current state-of-the-art technology and can serve as a good starting point for graduates planning to work on gas-liquid or gas-liquid-solid reactors. " (The Chemical Engineer, April 2016)
"The book would help academics to develop course material for process safety studies." (The Chemical Engineer, April 2016)
"Pangarkar is highly recommended: it may even help to minimize the number of blunders on a small scale." (N. Kuipers, April 2016)
"This book presents excellent discussion of the latest literature on the subject and brings out the gaps that need to be bridged. Simple concepts have been used to provide straightforward spreadsheet based design procedures.............I strongly recommend the book to colleagues in both the academic and industrial sectors." (The Catalyst 2016)
