A pioneering, concept-oriented research and development approach improves business results in technology-driven industries With contributions from IT, systems, and operations experts from around the globe, this book sets forth a tested and proven, concept-oriented R&D approach that far surpasses the results of conventional R&D. The authors explain how to create a clear concept, then build upon that concept by developing a chain of technologies and target markets in order to create, sustain, and grow successful business operations. Real-world examples and case studies from IBM and Hitachi illustrate how the concept-oriented approach can be applied to IT and other technology-driven industries anywhere in the world.
Concept-Oriented Research and Development in Information Technology sheds new light on the complex relationships between concept, technology and market, explaining how all of these elements are enhanced with a concept-oriented R&D approach. Throughout the book, readers will learn a variety of innovative perspectives and methods for concept creation, technology innovation, and market cultivation.
- Part I, Introduction, makes the case for a paradigm shift in R&D from a conventional approach to a concept-oriented one.
- Part II, Concept Creation, liffers four perspectives on the application of the concept-oriented approach.
- Part III, Fusion of Technologies, illustrates the need to fuse technologies to accommodate rapidly changing and unpredictable demands on business infrastructure.
- Part IV, Glocalization of Technologies, explains why businesses need to diversify globally, yet remain in tune with local markets.
- Part V, Conclusions and Future Directions, explores the potential of the concept-oriented approach to evolve with the changing needs of business and R&D.
Concept-Oriented Research and Development in Information Technology helps students and professionals in IT, engineering, systems, and operations approach R&D in new ways that lead to better technologies and better businesses.
Table of Contents:
Foreword xv
Preface xvii
Contributors xxi
Part I Introduction 1
1 Introduction 3
Kinji Mori
1.1 Factors of Research and Development (R&D) Approaches 5
1.1.1 Needs 5
1.1.2 Subjects 6
1.1.3 Situations 6
1.1.4 Evaluation 6
1.2 R&D Approaches 7
1.2.1 Technology-Oriented R&D 7
1.2.2 Solution-Oriented R&D 9
1.2.3 Concept-Oriented R&D 10
1.2.4 R&D Strategies 11
1.3 Autonomous Decentralized System (ADS) Concept and Its R&D 13
1.3.1 Background and Requirements 14
1.3.2 Biological Analogy and Concept 16
1.3.3 System Architecture 18
1.3.4 Chain of Technologies and Markets 20
References 26
Part II Concept Creation 29
2 Challenges in Technology Education and System Development in Software Ecosystem Environment 35
C. V. Ramamoorthy and Xiaodong Lu
Abstract 35
2.1 Introduction 36
2.2 Importance of Education 37
2.2.1 Current State of Education 37
2.2.2 Skills and Approaches 37
2.3 Needs Engineering 39
2.4 Software Ecosystem 40
2.5 Summary and Conclusions 43
References 44
3 Concept-Oriented Research and Development from Social and Cultural Perspectives 45
Katsuhiko Shirai
Abstract 45
3.1 Introduction 46
3.2 R&D and Engineering Education 47
3.3 R&D and Systems Approach 48
3.4 R&D and Social Demand 49
3.5 Autonomous Decentralized System (ADS) Requirements 49
3.6 Concept Creation and Innovation 51
3.7 Conclusions 52
References 53
4 Roads to Smarter Cities 55
Colin Harrison
Abstract 55
4.1 Introduction 55
4.2 IBM’s Strategy 56
4.2.1 Preparing for the Decade of Smart Technology 57
4.2.2 Determining Which Important Problems IBM Should Solve 59
4.2.3 Applying the New Conceptual Framework 60
4.3 Use of Platform in the Deployment Phase 61
4.3.1 Reference Architecture 61
4.3.2 Smarter Planet 63
4.4 Smarter Cities 63
4.4.1 MASDAR City Project 63
4.4.2 Role of Information Technology 65
4.4.3 Global Urban Trends 66
4.4.4 Integrated Intelligent Management System 67
4.5 The Future 68
4.6 Conclusions 69
References 69
5 Advancing Knowledge and Evolving Society 71
Alfonso Fuggetta
Abstract 71
5.1 Introduction 72
5.2 Research and Innovation 72
5.2.1 A Misused Term 72
5.2.2 The Meaning of Innovation 73
5.2.3 Characteristics of Research and Innovation 76
5.3 Innovation and Technology Transfer 79
5.3.1 A Misleading Association 79
5.3.2 The Nature of Technology Transfer 80
5.4 The CEFRIEL Experience 83
5.4.1 Supporting Innovation 83
5.4.2 CEFRIEL 85
5.5 Conclusions 86
References 87
Part III Fusion of Technologies 89
6 Fusion of Technologies 93
Yinong Chen
Abstract 93
6.1 Introduction 94
6.2 Hardware–Software Fusion 95
6.3 Computing and Communication 95
6.4 Virtual and Physical Reality 96
6.5 Service-Oriented Architecture 98
6.6 Mashup 100
6.7 Cloud Computing 102
6.8 Concept-Oriented System Development 105
6.9 Conclusion 106
References 107
7 Fusion of Computer and Communication 109
Hermann Kopetz
Abstract 109
7.1 Introduction 110
7.2 Historical Perspective 110
7.2.1 Early Days 110
7.2.2 Technology Push versus Application Pull 111
7.2.3 Increasing the Level of Abstraction 111
7.3 System of Systems 112
7.3.1 Basic Concepts 114
7.3.2 Constituent System versus System of Systems 114
7.3.3 A Paradigm Shift in Design 116
7.4 Problem Solving 116
7.4.1 Abstract–Concrete Problem Transformation 117
7.4.2 Problem Solving System (PSS) 117
7.4.3 Relied-on Interfaces 119
7.5 Role of Trust 119
7.6 Example: ATM Application 120
7.6.1 The ATM 120
7.6.2 ATM Client Problem Specifi cation 121
7.6.3 Scope of ATM Application 122
7.7 Conclusions 122
References 122
8 Future of Railway Signaling and Train Control 123
Tang Tao and Xun Jing
Abstract 123
8.1 Introduction 124
8.2 History of Developments in the Train Control Industry 124
8.3 The Current Status of Communication-Based Train Control (CBTC) 126
8.3.1 European Train Control System (ETCS) 126
8.3.2 Chinese Train Control System (CTCS) 127
8.3.3 CBTC in Mass Transit 128
8.4 Future Trends in Train Control Technology 130
8.4.1 From Unattended Train Operation (UTO) to Driverless Train Operation (DTO) 130
8.4.2 From Fixed Block to Moving Block 131
8.4.3 From Decentralization to Centralization 132
8.4.4 From Nonstandard to Standard (Modular) 132
8.5 Conclusion 132
References 133
9 Fusion of Control Systems, Computers, and the Real World 135
Yasushi Fukunaga
Abstract 135
9.1 Introduction 136
9.2 Reseach and Development in the “Chaos Era” 137
9.3 Birth and Development of the Computer Control System 139
9.4 New ICT System 140
9.5 Conclusion and Proposed Future Expansion 143
Acknowledgments 144
References 144
10 Fusion of Computer, Communication, and Control Technologies: Needs and Strategies 147
Masayoshi Tomizuka
Abstract 147
10.1 Introduction 148
10.2 Dynamic Systems and Control 148
10.2.1 Historical Perspective 148
10.2.2 Kalman Filtering 150
10.2.3 Rule-Based Control 151
10.3 Computers in Control Systems 151
10.4 Networked Control Systems 152
10.5 Communications in Robotics 153
10.6 Vehicle Applications 153
10.7 Cyberphysical Systems 155
10.8 National Science Foundation 155
10.9 Conclusions 156
References 157
Part IV Glocalization 159
11 Glocalization of the Market 161
Masaki Ogata
Abstract 161
11.1 Introduction 161
11.2 The Term Glocalization 163
11.3 Concept Creation 167
11.4 Fusion of Technologies 167
11.5 Market Glocalization 167
11.5.1 Organization 167
11.5.2 Intellectual Property 168
11.5.3 Value 168
11.5.4 Innovation Chain 168
11.6 Conclusion 170
References 172
12 Thinking Globally, Acting Locally and Thinking Locally, Acting Globally 173
Cathy Lasser
Abstract 173
12.1 Introduction 174
12.2 Transformation Framework 176
12.3 Value-Based Culture 177
12.4 Collaborative Innovation 178
12.5 A Smarter Planet: Collaboration and the Future of Work 179
12.6 Conclusion 181
Reference 181
13 Glocalization: Market Cultivation and the Future of Standards 183
Richard Mark Soley
Abstract 183
13.1 Introduction 184
13.2 Innovation 184
13.3 Standards 185
13.4 Market Ecosystem 187
13.5 Approaches to Developing Standards 188
13.6 Globalization 190
13.7 Glocalization 191
13.8 Successful Standards 192
13.9 Future of Standards 192
13.10 Smart Energy Grids 193
13.11 Conclusion 194
References 194
14 Smart Urban Infrastructure as an Enabler of the Integration of Resident-Oriented Services 195
Yukio Toyoshima and Michinaga Kohno
Abstract 195
14.1 Introduction 196
14.2 New Trends in Urban Development 196
14.2.1 Activities Aimed at Creating Low-Carbon Cities 196
14.2.2 Large Urban Developments in Emerging Markets 197
14.2.3 Emergence of New Players 197
14.2.4 Resilience against Disasters 198
14.3 Authors’ Concept of Smart Cities 199
14.3.1 Modeling of Smart Cities 199
14.3.2 Creation of New Values 202
14.4 “Glocal” Deployment of Smart Cities 204
14.4.1 Deployment of Smart Cities in General 204
14.4.2 Kashiwa City 204
14.4.3 Projects in China 205
14.4.4 Projects in Europe and the United States 206
14.4.5 Recovery in Cities and Towns Devastated by the 2011 Tsunami 207
Acknowledgments 207
References 207
15 Summary of Market Glocalization 209
Masaki Ogata
Abstract 209
15.1 Introduction 209
15.2 Organization 211
15.3 Standardization 213
15.4 Diversification 215
15.5 Smart Grid 216
15.6 Conclusion 219
Part V Conclusion 221
16 Conclusions and Future Directions 223
Kinji Mori
Index 229
About the Author :
KINJI MORI, PhD, is Professor in the Department of Green Computing Systems Research Organization at Waseda University, Japan and Professor Emeritus at the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan in the Department of Computer Science. Previously, Dr. Mori worked at Hitachi as Chief Researcher. He is a Fellow of IEEE and IEICE. Dr. Mori is the pioneer of the concept-oriented research and development, and he proposed the Autonomous Decentralized Systems Concept and realized its concept-oriented technologies and applications. He founded the IEEE International Symposium on Autonomous Decentralized Systems. Dr. Mori holds more than 350 patents and has received the Special Distinguished Ichimura Award, the Japan Patent Award, and the Research Achievement Award in Japan, among others.
