A Guide to Forensic DNA Profiling A Guide to Forensic DNA Profiling
The increasingly arcane world of DNA profiling demands that those requiring to understand at least some of it must find a source of reliable and understandable information. Combining material from the successful Wiley Encyclopedia of Forensic Science with newly commissioned and updated material, the Editors have used their own extensive experience in criminal casework across the world to compile an informative guide that will provide knowledge and thought-provoking articles of interest to anyone involved or interested in the use of DNA in the forensic context.
Following extensive introductory chapters covering forensic DNA profiling and forensic genetics, this comprehensive volume presents a substantial breadth of material covering:
- Fundamental material—including sources of DNA, validation, and accreditation
- Analysis and interpretation—including extraction, quantification, amplification, and interpretation of electropherograms (epgs)
- Evaluation—including mixtures, low template, and transfer
- Applications—databases, paternity and kinship, mitochondrial DNA, wildlife DNA, single-nucleotide polymorphism, phenotyping, and familial searching
- Court—report writing, discovery, cross examination, and current controversies
With contributions from leading experts across the whole gamut of forensic science, this volume is intended to be authoritative but not authoritarian, informative but comprehensible, and comprehensive but concise. It will prove to be a valuable addition, and a useful resource, for scientists, lawyers, teachers, criminologists, and judges.
Table of Contents:
Contributors ix
Foreword xiii
Preface xv
Glossary xvii
Abbreviations and Acronyms xxiii
1 Introduction to Forensic Genetics 1
Scott Bader
2 DNA:An Overview 7
Eleanor Alison May Graham
3 DNA 27
Simon J. Walsh
4 Introduction to Forensic DNA Profiling – The Electropherogram (epg) 35
Allan Jamieson
5 Biological Stains 49
Peter R. Gunn
6 Sources of DNA 57
Sally-Ann Harbison
7 Identification and Individualization 67
Christophe Champod
8 Transfer 71
Georgina E. Meakin
9 Laboratory Accreditation 77
Allan Jamieson
10 Validation 83
Campbell A. Ruddock
11 Extraction 95
Campbell Ruddock
12 Quantitation 103
Robert I. O’Brien
13 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 111
Campbell Ruddock
14 Interpretation of Mixtures; Graphical 115
Allan Jamieson
15 DNA Mixture Interpretation 129
Dan E. Krane
16 Degraded Samples 137
Jason R. Gilder
17 Ceiling Principle: DNA 143
Simon J. Walsh
18 Y-Chromosome Short Tandem Repeats 145
Jack Ballantyne and Erin K. Hanson
19 Expert Systems in DNA Interpretation 151
Hinda Haned and Peter Gill
20 Paternity Testing 159
Burkhard Rolf and Peter Wiegand
21 Observer Effects 167
William C. Thompson
22 Databases 171
Simon J. Walsh
23 Missing Persons and Paternity: DNA 179
Bruce S. Weir
24 Familial Searching 189
Klaas Slooten and Ronald Meester
25 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism 199
Claus Børsting, Vania Pereira, Jeppe D. Andersen, and Niels Morling
26 Mini-STRs 217
Michael D. Coble and Rebecca S. Just
27 Phenotype 223
Tony Frudakis
28 Mitochondrial DNA: Profiling 239
Terry Melton
29 Geographical Identification by Viral Genotyping 245
Hiroshi Ikegaya, Pekka J. Saukko, Yoshinao Katsumata, and Takehiko Takatori
30 Microbial Forensics 253
Bruce Budowle and Phillip C. Williamson
31 Wildlife Crime 265
Lucy M.I. Webster
32 DNA Databases – The Significance of Unique Hits and the Database Controversy 271
Ronald Meester
33 DNA Databases and Evidentiary Issues 279
Simon J. Walsh and John S. Buckleton
34 Communicating Probabilistic Forensic Evidence in Court 289
Jonathan J. Koehler
35 Report Writing for Courts 301
Rhonda Marie Wheate
36 Discovery of Expert Findings 307
Rhonda M. Wheate
37 Ethical Rules of Expert Behavior 315
Andre A. Moenssens
38 Verbal Scales: A Legal Perspective 321
Tony Ward
39 Direct Examination of Experts 327
Andre Moenssens
40 Cross-Examination of Experts 331
Andre Moenssens
41 DNA in the UK Courts 335
Rhonda Marie Wheate
42 Legal Issues with Forensic DNA in the USA 347
Christopher A. Flood
43 Controversies in DNA 361
Allan Jamieson
44 Future Technologies and Challenges 373
Allan Jamieson
Index 385
About the Author :
Editors
Allan Jamieson and Scott Bader
The Forensic Institute, Glasgow, UK
