Grapevine in a Changing Environment: A Molecular and Ecophysiological Perspective

Grapes (Vitis spp.) are economically the most important fruit species in the world. Over the last decades many scientific advances have led to understand more deeply key physiological, biochemical, and molecular aspects of grape berry maturation. However, our knowledge on how grapevines respond to environmental stimuli and deal with biotic and abiotic stresses is still fragmented. Thus, this area of research is wide open for new scientific and technological advancements. Particularly, in the context of climate change, viticulture will have to adapt to higher temperatures, light intensity and atmospheric CO2 concentration, while water availability is expected to decrease in many viticultural regions, which poses new challenges to scientists and producers. With Grapevine in a Changing Environment, readers will benefit from a comprehensive and updated coverage on the intricate grapevine defense mechanisms against biotic and abiotic stress and on the new generation techniques that may be ultimately used to implement appropriate strategies aimed at the production and selection of more adapted genotypes. The book also provides valuable references in this research area and original data from several laboratories worldwide. Written by 63 international experts on grapevine ecophysiology, biochemistry and molecular biology, the book is a reference for a wide audience with different backgrounds, from plant physiologists, biochemists and graduate and post-graduate students, to viticulturists and enologists.

Table of Contents:
List of contributors x 1 Grapevines in a changing environment: a global perspective 1 Gregory V. Jones 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Climate suitability for viticulture and wine production 4 1.3 Climate change and variability 6 1.4 Environmental impacts on viticulture and wine production 8 1.5 Conclusions 12 References 13 2 The ups and downs of environmental impact on grapevines: future challenges in temperate viticulture 18 H.R. Schultz and M. Hofmann 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Variability and trends in evapotranspiration  and precipitation – global is ≠ regional 20 2.3 Variability and trends in plant water status globally and regionally 24 2.4 The underground risk of variability affecting above ground quality 27 2.5 The CO2 problem 29 References 32 3 Drought and water management in Mediterranean vineyards 38 O. Zarrouk, J.M. Costa, R. Francisco, C. Lopes and M.M. Chaves 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Varietal adaptation to water scarcity and heat stress 40 3.3 Deficit irrigation – a tool to increase transpiration efficiency and control grapevine and berry growth/development 43 3.4 Soil management practices 47 3.5 Impact of deficit irrigation on berry metabolism 50 References 59 4 Rootstocks as a component of adaptation to environment 68 N. Ollat, A. Peccoux (deceased), D. Papura, D. Esmenjaud, E. Marguerit, J.‐P. Tandonnet, L. Bordenave, S.J. Cookson, F. Barrieu, L. Rossdeutsch, J. Lecourt, V. Lauvergeat, P. Vivin, P.‐F. Bert and S. Delrot 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Main components of root architecture and morphology 71 4.3 Rootstock as a key component to cope with pests 72 4.4 Contribution of rootstocks to drought responses 78 4.5 Rootstocks to cope with salinity 86 4.6 Iron chlorosis and rootstocks 88 4.7 Concluding remarks 93 Acknowledgements 93 References 94 5 Carbon balance in grapevine under a changing climate 109 H. Medrano, J. Perez Peña, J. Prieto, M. Tomás, N. Franck and J.M. Escalona 5.1 General introduction 110 5.2 Grapevine carbon balance as an integration of different physiological processes: main components of carbon fluxes 111 5.3 How to measure the plant carbon balance 114 5.4 Environment and genotype affect whole plant carbon fluxes 123 5.5 Whole plant carbon fluxes and carbon footprint calculation 126 5.6 Future challenges 127 Acknowledgements 127 References 128 6 Embolism formation and removal in grapevines: a phenomenon affecting hydraulics and transpiration upon water stress 135 Sara Tramontini and Claudio Lovisolo 6.1 Introduction 136 6.2 Organs affected 137 6.3 Spread and recovery 138 6.4 Genotype effect 141 6.5 Conclusions 143 Acknowledgements 143 References 143 7 Grapevine under light and heat stresses 148 Alberto Palliotti and Stefano Poni 7.1 Introduction 149 7.2 Light and heat stresses: excess 150 7.3 Effects of light and heat stress on morphostructural and biochemical characteristics at leaf and shoot level 151 7.4 Effects of light and heat stress on physiological behaviour 154 7.5 Effects of light and heat stress on vine yield and grape composition 162 7.6 Energy dissipation mechanisms 164 7.7 Protective strategies 166 7.8 Conclusions 169 Acknowledgements 170 References 171 8 Remote sensing and other imaging technologies to monitor grapevine performance 179 Hamlyn G. Jones and Olga M. Grant 8.1 Introduction 180 8.2 Sensor technologies 181 8.3 Deployment of sensors 189 8.4 Applications 190 8.5 Concluding comments 195 References 196 9 Boron stress in grapevine: current developments and future prospects 202 Carlos Meyer‐Regueiro, Rudolf Schlechter, Carmen Espinoza, Alejandro Bisquertt, Felipe Aquea and Patricio Arce‐Johnson 9.1 Introduction 203 9.2 Function of boron in plants 205 9.3 Stress triggered by boron in grapevine 207 9.4 Uptake and transport mechanisms of boron in plants 209 9.5 Grapevine boron transporters VvBOR 212 9.6 Conclusion and outlook 218 Acknowledgements 219 References 219 10 Berry response to water light and heat stresses 223 Jérémy Pillet, Mariam Berdeja, Le Guan and Serge Delrot 10.1 Introduction 224 10.2 Berry composition 225 10.3 Abiotic stress and grapevine physiology 233 10.4 Abiotic stress in grapevine berry and its impact on berry quality 236 10.5 Concluding remarks 245 Acknowledgements 246 References 246 11 Grapevine responses to low temperatures 258 Mélodie Sawicki, Cédric Jacquard, Christophe Clément, Essaïd Aït Barka and Nathalie Vaillant‐Gaveau 11.1 Introduction 259 11.2 Distribution and acclimation 260 11.3 Modifications to plant cell membranes 260 11.4 Formation of ice 261 11.5 Photosynthesis and photosynthesis‐related pigments 262 11.6 Calcium and cold temperatures 264 11.7 Cold‐mediated transcription regulation 265 11.8 Expression of pathogenesis‐related genes and synthesis of antifreeze proteins 266 11.9 Changes in phytohormone metabolism 266 11.10 Cold‐induced osmolites/osmoprotectants 267 11.11 Effect on reproductive organs 270 11.12 Effect of microorganisms on cold tolerance in grapevine 271 11.13 Conclusion 272 Acknowledgements 272 References 272 12 Metabolic rearrangements in grapevine response to salt stress 279 Artur Conde, R. Breia, J. Moutinho‐Pereira, Jérôme Grimplet and Hernâni Gerós 12.1 Introduction 280 12.2 NaCl toxicity and irrigation and cultivar dependency 281 12.3 Metabolic readjustments in response to salt stress 284 12.4 Conclusions and future perspectives 291 Acknowledgements 292 References 293 13 Copper stress in grapevine 299 Viviana Martins, António Teixeira, Mohsen Hanana, Eduardo Blumwald and Hernâni Gerós 13.1 Introduction 300 13.2 Grapevine diseases and copper‐based fungicides 301 13.3 Effect of copper in grapevine physiology and mineral balance 301 13.4 Intracellular accumulation of copper in grape cells 304 13.5 Effect of copper in grapevine metabolism and in grape berry composition 307 13.6 Effect of copper in soil and berry microbiome 309 13.7 Effect of copper in fermentation and wine quality 311 13.8 Conclusions 313 Acknowledgements 313 References 313 14 Grapevine abiotic and biotic stress genomics and identification of stress markers 320 Jérôme Grimplet 14.1 Introduction 321 14.2 Abiotic stress 323 14.3 Biotic stress 333 14.4 Conclusions 339 Acknowledgements 339 References 339 15 Exploiting Vitis genetic diversity to manage with stress 347 Pablo Carbonell‐Bejerano, Luisa Cristina de Carvalho, José Eduardo Eiras Dias, José M. Martínez‐Zapater and Sara Amâncio 15.1 Introduction 348 15.2 Grapevine diversity 348 15.3 Grapevine responses and adaptation to stressful conditions 351 15.4 Breeding strategies to manage with stress 357 15.5 Conclusions 368 Acknowledgements 369 References 369 Index 381

About the Author :
Dr Hernani Geros, Professor, Departamento de Biologia, Escola de Ciencias, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal. Dr Maria Manuela Chaves, Professor, Instituto de Tecnologia Quimica e Biologica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal. Dr Hipolito Medrano, Professor, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain. Dr Serge Delrot, Professor, Ecophysiologie et Genomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Universite de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.