Solid State Chemistry and its Applications

SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY AND ITS APPLICATIONS A comprehensive treatment of solid state chemistry complete with supplementary material and full colour illustrations from a leading expert in the field. Solid State Chemistry and its Applications, Second Edition delivers an advanced version of West’s classic text in solid state chemistry, expanding on the undergraduate Student Edition to present a comprehensive treatment of solid state chemistry suitable for advanced students and researchers. The book provides the reader with an up-to-date account of essential topics in solid state chemistry and recent developments in this rapidly developing field of inorganic chemistry. Significant updates and new content in this second edition include: A more extensive overview of important families of inorganic solids including spinels, perovskites, pyrochlores, garnets, Ruddlesden-Popper phases and many more New methods to synthesise inorganic solids, including sol-gel methods, combustion synthesis, atomic layer deposition, spray pyrolysis and microwave techniques Advances in electron microscopy, X-ray and electron spectroscopies New developments in electrical properties of materials, including high Tc superconductivity, lithium batteries, solid oxide fuel cells and smart windows Recent developments in optical properties, including fibre optics, solar cells and transparent conducting oxides Advances in magnetic properties including magnetoresistance and multiferroic materials Homogeneous and heterogeneous ceramics, characterization using impedance spectroscopy Thermoelectric materials, MXenes, low dimensional structures, memristors and many other functional materials Expanded coverage of glass, including metallic and fluoride glasses, cement and concrete, geopolymers, refractories and structural ceramics Overview of binary oxides of all the elements, their structures, properties and applications Featuring full color illustrations throughout, readers will also benefit from online supplementary materials including access to CrystalMaker® software and over 100 interactive crystal structure models. Perfect for advanced students seeking a detailed treatment of solid state chemistry, this new edition of Solid State Chemistry and its Applications will also earn a place as a desk reference in the libraries of experienced researchers in chemistry, crystallography, physics, and materials science.

Table of Contents:
Preface xxi Companion Website xxiii Biography xxv Solid State Chemistry, an Overview of the Discipline: Chemistry – Solid State Chemistry – Materials Chemistry – Materials Science and Engineering 1 1 Crystal Structures, Crystal Chemistry, Symmetry and Space Groups 7 1.1 Unit Cells and Crystal Systems 7 1.2 Symmetry 9 1.3 Symmetry and Choice of Unit Cell 16 1.4 Lattice, Bravais Lattice 18 1.5 Lattice Planes and Miller Indices 20 1.6 Indices of Directions 22 1.7 d-Spacing Formulae 23 1.8 Crystal Densities and Unit Cell Contents 23 1.9 Description of Crystal Structures 24 1.10 Close Packed Structures – Cubic and Hexagonal Close Packing 25 1.11 Relationship Between Cubic Close Packed and Face Centred Cubic 27 1.12 Hexagonal Unit Cell and Close Packing 27 1.13 Density of Close Packed Structures 28 1.14 Unit Cell Projections and Atomic Coordinates 30 1.15 Materials that can be Described as Close Packed 31 1.16 Structures Built of Space-Filling Polyhedra 39 1.17 Some Important Structure Types 42 1.18 Point Groups and Space Groups 99 2 Crystal Defects, Non-stoichiometry and Solid Solutions 119 2.1 Perfect and Imperfect Crystals 119 2.2 Types of Defect: Point Defects 120 2.3 Solid Solutions of Ionic Materials 131 2.4 Extended Defects 143 2.5 Dislocations and Mechanical Properties of Solids 147 3 Bonding in Solids 161 3.1 Overview: Ionic, Covalent, Metallic, van der Waals and Hydrogen Bonding in Solids 161 3.2 Ionic Bonding 162 3.3 Covalent Bonding 196 3.4 Metallic Bonding and Band Theory 207 3.5 Bands or Bonds: A Final Comment 220 4 Synthesis, Processing and Fabrication Methods 221 4.1 General Observations 221 4.2 Solid State Reaction or Shake ‘n Bake Methods 221 4.3 Low Temperature or Chimie Douce Methods 230 4.4 Gas-Phase Methods 247 4.5 High-Pressure Methods 258 4.6 Crystal Growth 261 5 Crystallography and Diffraction Techniques 265 5.1 General Comments: Molecular and Non-Molecular Solids 265 5.2 Characterisation of Solids 267 5.3 X-Ray Diffraction 268 5.4 Electron Diffraction 301 5.5 Neutron Diffraction 302 5.6 The Reciprocal Lattice 306 5.7 Total scattering and pair distribution function (PDF) analysis 319 5.8 Line broadening of XRD powder patterns, domain (particle) size measurement and strain effects 322 6 Other Characterisation Techniques: Microscopy, Spectroscopy, Thermal Analysis 325 6.1 Diffraction and Microscopic Techniques: What Do They Have in Common? 325 6.2 Optical and Electron Microscopy Techniques 326 6.3 Spectroscopic Techniques 345 6.4 Thermal Analysis (TA) 370 6.5 Strategy to Identify, Analyse and Characterise ‘Unknown’ Solids 376 7 Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretation 381 7.1 The Phase Rule, the Condensed Phase Rule and Some Definitions 381 7.2 One-Component Systems 386 7.3 Two-Component Condensed Systems 389 7.4 Some Tips and Guidelines for Constructing Binary Phase Diagrams 411 7.5 Ternary Systems 413 7.6 Phase Transitions 439 8 Electrical Properties 469 8.1 Survey of Electrical Properties and Electrical Materials 469 8.2 Metallic Conductivity 471 8.3 Superconductivity 476 8.4 Semi conductivity 492 8.5 Ionic Conductivity 502 8.6 Dielectric Materials 547 8.7 Ferroelectrics 553 8.8 Pyroelectrics 558 8.9 Piezoelectric 558 8.10 Applications of Ferro-, Pyro- and Piezoelectric 559 9 Magnetic Properties 563 9.1 Physical Properties 563 9.2 Magnetic Materials, their Structures and Properties 572 9.3 Applications: Structure–Property Relations 582 9.4 Recent Developments 586 10 Optical Properties: Luminescence, Lasers and Transparent Conductors 589 10.1 Visible Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum 589 10.2 Sources of Light, Thermal Sources, Black Body Radiation and Electronic Transitions 589 10.3 Scattering Processes: Reflection, Diffraction and Interference 592 10.4 Luminescence and Phosphors 592 10.5 Configurational Coordinate Model 594 10.6 Some Phosphor Materials 596 10.7 Anti-Stokes Phosphors 597 10.8 Stimulated Emission, Amplification of Light and Lasers 598 10.9 Photodetectors 604 10.10 Fibre-Optics 606 10.11 Solar Cells and Photovoltaics 607 10.12 Transparent Conducting Oxides, TCOs, Smart Windows and Energy Management of Buildings 610 10.13 Photonic Crystals, Photonic Bandgaps and Opals 616 11 Heterogeneous Materials, Electro ceramics and Impedance Spectroscopy 619 11.1 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Solids 619 11.2 Resistivities and Permittivities of Materials; The Parallel RC Element 621 11.3 Impedance Formalisms, Alternating Currents and Equivalent Circuits 624 11.4 Applications of Impedance Spectroscopy 634 12 Thermal and Thermoelectric Properties 647 12.1 Thermoelectric Effects 647 12.2 Thermal Properties: Heat Capacity, Thermal Conductivity, Thermal Expansion 656 13 Functional Materials: Some Important Examples 663 13.1 TiO2: Rutile, Anatase and Other Ti–O Phases 663 13.2 Ca12Al14O33, Mayenite: An Oxide Ion Conductor, Component of Cement and a uperconducting Electride 680 13.4 Two-dimensional Structures: MXenes 689 13.5 Low-dimensional Solids: Graphene, BN, Transition Metal Dichalcogenides and Black Phosphorus 692 14 Glass 697 14.1 Factors That Influence Glass Formation 698 14.2 Thermodynamics of Glass Formation; the Behaviour of Liquids on Cooling 700 14.3 Kinetics of Crystallisation and Glass Formation 703 14.4 Structure of Glasses 706 14.5 Liquid Immiscibility and Phase Separation in Glasses 710 14.6 Viscosity of Glasses and Melts 715 14.7 Electrical (Ionic) Conductivity of Glass and the Mixed Alkali Effect 718 14.8 Bonds, Bands and Semiconducting Glasses 721 14.9 Mechanical Properties and Strengthening of Glass 727 14.10 Commercial Silicate and Borate Glasses 728 14.11 Metallic Glasses 730 14.12 Fluoride Glasses 733 14.13 Glass-Ceramics 736 14.14 Bioglasses 740 15 Structural Materials: Cement, Refractories and Structural Ceramics 743 15.1 Cements 743 15.2 Refractories and Structural Ceramics 761 16 Oxides of the Elements, Their Properties and Uses 771 16.1 Oxides of s-Block Elements 771 16.2 Acid-Base Classification of Oxides 773 16.3 Oxides of p-Block Elements 773 16.4 Oxides of d-block (Transition) Elements 774 16.5 Oxides of Lanthanides and Actinides 776 16.6 Oxides of the Elements Overview 776 Appendix A: Interplanar Spacings and Unit Cell Volumes 795 Appendix B: Model Building 797 Appendix C: Geometrical Considerations in Crystal Chemistry 801 Appendix D: The Elements and Some of Their Properties 805 Appendix E: The 32 Crystallographic Point Groups 811 Appendix F: The Arrhenius Equation for Ionic Conductivity 815 Appendix G: A Guide to the Use of Electrode Potentials 819 Further Reading 823 Questions 837 Index 851

About the Author :
ANTHONY R. WEST, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, UK.