Power Electronics: A First Course

Table of Contents:
PREFACE xiii CHAPTER 1 POWER ELECTRONICS: AN ENABLING TECHNOLOGY 1 1.1 Introduction to Power Electronics 1 1.2 Applications and the Role of Power Electronics 2 1.3 Energy and the Environment: Role of Power Electronics in Providing Sustainable Electric Energy 4 1.4 Need for High Efficiency and High Power Density 8 1.5 Structure of Power Electronics Interface 9 1.6 Voltage-Link-Structure 11 1.7 Recent and Potential Advancements 16 References 16 Problems 17 CHAPTER 2 DESIGN OF SWITCHING POWER-POLES 21 2.1 Power Transistors and Power Diodes 21 2.2 Selection of Power Transistors 22 2.3 Selection of Power Diodes 24 2.4 Switching Characteristics and Power Losses in Power-Poles 25 2.5 Justifying Switches and Diodes as Ideal 30 2.6 Design Considerations 30 2.7 The PWM IC 33 References 33 Problems 34 Appendix 2A Diode Reverse-Recovery and Power Losses 35 CHAPTER 3 SWITCH-MODE DC-DC CONVERTERS: SWITCHING ANALYSIS, TOPOLOGY SELECTION AND DESIGN 38 3.1 DC-DC Converters 38 3.2 Switching Power-Pole in DC Steady State 38 3.3 Simplifying Assumptions 42 3.4 Common Operating Principles 43 3.5 Buck Converter Switching Analysis in DC Steady State 43 3.6 Boost Converter Switching Analysis in DC Steady State 45 3.7 Buck-Boost Converter Analysis in DC Steady State 50 3.8 Topology Selection 56 3.9 Worst-Case Design 57 3.10 Synchronous-Rectified Buck Converter for Very Low Output Voltages 57 3.11 Interleaving of Converters 58 3.12 Regulation of DC-DC Converters by PWM 58 3.13 Dynamic Average Representation of Converters in CCM 59 3.14 Bi-Directional Switching Power-Pole 61 3.15 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode (DCM) 62 References 68 Problems 68 CHAPTER 4 DESIGNING FEEDBACK CONTROLLERS IN SWITCH-MODE DC POWER SUPPLIES 74 4.1 Introduction and Objectives of Feedback Control 74 4.2 Review of Linear Control Theory 75 4.3 Linearization of Various Transfer Function Blocks 77 4.4 Feedback Controller Design in Voltage-Mode Control 83 4.5 Peak-Current Mode Control 86 4.6 Feedback Controller Design in DCM 91 References 93 Problems 93 Appendix 4A Bode Plots of Transfer Functions with Poles and Zeros 94 Appendix 4B Transfer Functions in Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) (on accompanying website) 97 Appendix 4C Derivation of Parameters of the Controller Transfer Functions (on accompanying website: www.wiley.com/college/mohan) 97 CHAPTER 5 RECTIFICATION OF UTILITY INPUT USING DIODE RECTIFIERS 98 5.1 Introduction 98 5.2 Distortion and Power Factor 99 5.3 Classifying the “Front-End” of Power Electronic Systems 107 5.4 Diode-Rectifier Bridge “Front-Ends” 107 5.5 Means to Avoid Transient Inrush Currents at Starting 113 5.6 Front-Ends with Bi-Directional Power Flow 114 Reference 114 Problems 114 CHAPTER 6 POWER-FACTOR-CORRECTION (PFC) CIRCUITS AND DESIGNING THE FEEDBACK CONTROLLER 116 6.1 Introduction 116 6.2 Operating Principle of Single-Phase PFCs 116 6.3 Control of PFCs 119 6.4 Designing the Inner Average-Current-Control Loop 120 6.5 Designing the Outer Voltage-Control Loop 122 6.6 Example of Single-Phase PFC Systems 124 6.7 Simulation Results 125 6.8 Feedforward of the Input Voltage 125 6.9 Other Control Methods for PFCs 125 References 127 Problems 127 Appendix 6A Proving that ^Is3 ^IL2 ¼ 12 128 Appendix 6B Proving that ~vd ~iL ðsÞ ¼ 1 2 V^s Vd R=2 1 þ sðR=2ÞC 129 CHAPTER 7 MAGNETIC CIRCUIT CONCEPTS 130 7.1 Ampere-Turns and Flux 130 7.2 Inductance L 131 7.3 Faraday’s Law: Induced Voltage in a Coil Due to Time-Rate of Change of Flux Linkage 133 7.4 Leakage and Magnetizing Inductances 134 7.5 Transformers 136 Reference 139 Problems 139 CHAPTER 8 SWITCH-MODE DC POWER SUPPLIES 141 8.1 Applications of Switch-Mode DC Power Supplies 141 8.2 Need for Electrical Isolation 142 8.3 Classification of Transformer-Isolated DC-DC Converters 142 8.4 Flyback Converters 142 8.5 Forward Converters 145 8.6 Full-Bridge Converters 148 8.7 Half-Bridge and Push-Pull Converters 152 8.8 Practical Considerations 152 Reference 152 Problems 153 CHAPTER 9 DESIGN OF HIGH-FREQUENCY INDUCTORS AND TRANSFORMERS 155 9.1 Introduction 155 9.2 Basics of Magnetic Design 155 9.3 Inductor and Transformer Construction 156 9.4 Area-Product Method 156 9.5 Design Example of an Inductor 159 9.6 Design Example of a Transformer for a Forward Converter 161 9.7 Thermal Considerations 161 References 161 Problems 162 CHAPTER 10 SOFT-SWITCHING IN DC-DC CONVERTERS AND CONVERTERS FOR INDUCTION HEATING AND COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS 163 10.1 Introduction 163 10.2 Hard-Switching in Switching Power-Poles 163 10.3 Soft-Switching in Switching Power-Poles 165 10.4 Inverters for Induction Heating and Compact Fluorescent Lamps 169 References 170 Problems 170 CHAPTER 11 APPLICATIONS OF SWITCH-MODE POWER ELECTRONICS IN MOTOR DRIVES, UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES, AND POWER SYSTEMS 172 11.1 Introduction 172 11.2 Electric Motor Drives 172 11.3 Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) 184 11.4 Utility Applications of Switch-Mode Power Electronics 185 References 187 Problems 187 CHAPTER 12 SYNTHESIS OF DC AND LOW-FREQUENCY SINUSOIDAL AC VOLTAGES FOR MOTOR DRIVES, UPS AND POWER SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS 189 12.1 Introduction 189 12.2 Bi-Directional Switching Power-Pole as the Building-Block 190 12.3 Converters for DC Motor Drives (2Vd , vo , Vd ) 194 12.4 Synthesis of Low-Frequency AC 200 12.5 Single-Phase Inverters 201 12.6 Three-Phase Inverters 204 12.7 Multilevel Inverters 212 12.8 Converters for Bi-Directional Power Flow 213 12.9 Matrix Converters (Direct Link System) 214 References 221 Problems 221 Appendix 12A Space Vector Pulse-Width-Modulation (SV-PWM) 223 CHAPTER 13 THYRISTOR CONVERTERS 230 13.1 Introduction 230 13.2 Thyristors (SCRs) 230 13.3 Single-Phase, Phase-Controlled Thyristor Converters 232 13.4 Three-Phase, Full-Bridge Thyristor Converters 237 13.5 Current-Link Systems 243 Reference 244 Problems 245 CHAPTER 14 UTILITY APPLICATIONS OF POWER ELECTRONICS 247 14.1 Introduction 247 14.2 Power Semiconductor Devices and Their Capabilities 248 14.3 Categorizing Power Electronic Systems 248 14.4 Distributed Generation (DG) Applications 250 14.5 Power Electronic Loads 255 14.6 Power Quality Solutions 255 14.7 Transmission and Distribution (T&D) Applications 257 References 261 Problems 261

About the Author :
Ned Mohan is Oscar A. Schott Professor of Power Electronics in the Department of Electrical Engineering at the University of Minnesota, where he has been teaching for 33 years. He has written five textbooks; one of them is translated into several languages. He has 13 patents and has written over 200 technical articles. He is actively involved in the area of renewable energy and is working on the next generation of wind generators and storage. He received the Distinguished Teaching Award by the Institute of Technology at the University of Minnesota. He is a Morse-Alumni Distinguished Teaching Professor and is a member of the Academy of Distinguished Teachers at the University of Minnesota. He received the Outstanding Educator Award from the Power Engineering Society of the IEEE in 2008. He is a Fellow of the IEEE.