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Spelling and Pronunciation
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Nouns and Articles
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Replacing Nouns with Pronouns
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Infinitive and Regular Verb Use
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Basic Sentence Structure
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Irregular Verbs in the Present Tense
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Asking and Answering Questions
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Adjectives
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Adverbs and Comparisons
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Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns
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The Present Tense
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The Imperfect Tense
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Narration in the Past
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Prepositions
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Reflexive, Prepositional, and Demonstrative Pronouns
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Commands
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Negatives
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Review Questions
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Resource Center
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Glossary
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Thematic Vocabulary
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Verb Charts
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Idiomatic Expressions
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Table of Contents:
Introduction ix
Why You Need This Book ix
How to Use Th is Book ix
Hundreds of Practice Questions Online! x
Chapter 1: Spelling and Pronunciation 1
Consonants 1
Double consonants 2
Consonant sounds and spellings 2
Cognates 2
The letter c 3
The letter g 3
The letter j 4
The letter h 4
The letter d 5
The letter t 5
The letters b and v 5
Dictionary entries 6
Vowels 6
Vowel sounds and spellings6
Diphthongs 7
Stress and Accentuation 8
Chapter 2: Gender: Nouns and Articles 10
Nouns 11
Articles 11
Definite articles 11
Indefinite articles 12
Gender 12
Basic rules 12
Article and suffix changes 14
Irregularities 16
Number and Plurality 19
Plural forms of definite articles 19
Plural forms of indefinite articles 19
Plural forms of nouns 20
Plural forms and accent marks 21
Compound Nouns 22
Chapter 3: Replacing Nouns with Pronouns 24
Prounoun Use 24
Pronoun Cases25
Subject Case Pronouns 25
English subject case pronouns 25
Spanish subject case pronouns 26
Differences between English and Spanish subject case pronouns 28
Replacing nouns with subject case pronouns 29
Chapter 4: Infinitive and Regular Verb Use 31
Infinitives 31
Verbs 33
Regular Verbs in the Present Tense 34
Choosing the Correct Verb Form 37
Present Progressive 39
Chapter 5: Basic Sentence Structure 42
Sentence Structure 42
Conjunctions 43
Punctuation 44
Question marks 44
Exclamation points 45
Punctuation and numbers 45
Chapter 6: Irregular Verbs in the Present Tense 46
Common Verbs Irregular in the Present Tense 47
Common irregular verbs 47
Irregular verbs in the yo form 48
Stem-Changing Verbs in the Present Tense 54
E to ie 55
O to ue 58
E to i 61
Confusing Verbs: Determining Which Verb to Use 62
Ser or estar 62
Conocer or saber 63
Llevar, tomar, and sacar 64
Chapter 7: Asking and Answering Questions 67
Yes or No Questions 67
Interrogative Pronouns (Question Words) 69
Question Words as Subjects 72
Using the Right Pronoun to Answer a Question 74
Chapter 8: Adjectives 76
Adjective Use 76
Adjectives and gender 77
Adjectives and number 81
Adjective placement 82
Adjectives that change meaning 84
Adjective Types 85
Possessive adjectives 85
Demonstrative adjectives 87
Adjectives from Verbs 90
Chapter 9: Adverbs and Comparisons 91
Adverbs from Adjectives 91
Irregular adverb 94
Adverb Placement in a Sentence 95
Adverbs of time 95
Adverbs of manner 96
Adverbs that modify adjectives or adverbs 97
Shortened Adverbs 97
Comparisons 98
Comparisons with adjectives 98
Comparatives of equality 99
Superlatives100
Comparisons with adverbs 100
Irregular comparisons 101
Chapter 10: Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns 103
Objective Cases 103
Direct Objects and Direct Object Pronouns 104
Direct object of a sentence 104
Th e personal a 105
Direct object pronouns 105
Direct object pronoun placement 106
Common transitive verbs 108
Indirect Objects and Indirect Object Pronouns 108
Indirect object of a sentence 109
Indirect object pronouns109
Indirect object pronoun placement 110
Special verbs with indirect object pronouns 111
Double Object Sentences 114
The use of se 115
Adding two object pronouns to verbs 116
Chapter 11: The Preterite Tense 118
Regular Verbs in the Preterite Tense 118
Different Yo Forms in the Preterite Tense 121
Verbs that end in –gar 121
Verbs that end in –car 122
Verbs that end in –zar 124
I to y 125
Stem Changers in the Preterite Tense 126
Stem-changing verbs ending in –ir 126
Irregulars in the Preterite Tense 128
U-stem verbs 129
I-stem verbs 130
J-stem verbs 131
Very irregular preterite verbs 132
Preterite Tense Situations 133
Preterite Tense Indicators 134
Chapter 12: The Imperfect Tense 136
Regular Verbs in the Imperfect 136
The Three Imperfect Irregulars 140
Imperfect Situations 141
Imperfect Indicators 142
Chapter 13: Narrations in the Past 144
Verbs Th at Change Meaning in the Preterite 145
Preterite-Imperfect Formulas 147
Joining verbs with mientras 148
Joining verbs with cuando 149
Expressions of Time 150
Chapter 14: Prepositions 153
Simple Prepositions 153
Preposition: a 154
Preposition: de 157
Preposition: en 160
Preposition: con 161
Para and Por 163
Preposition: para 163
Preposition: por 165
Idiomatic expressions 168
Compound Prepositions 169
Preposition Use with Verbs 170
Verbs with prepositions 170
Verbs with prepositions in English but not Spanish 172
Verbs after prepositions 173
Chapter 15: More Pronouns: Reflexive, Prepositional, and Demonstrative 175
Reflexivity 175
Reflexive pronouns 176
Reciprocity 177
Reflexive verbs 178
Common reflexive verbs 179
Prepositional Pronouns 180
Demonstrative Pronouns 181
Chapter 16: Commands 184
Tú Commands 184
Regular affirmative tú commands 184
Irregular affirmative tú commands 185
Negative tú commands 186
Vosotros commands 187
Usted and Ustedes Commands 188
Command Forms of Verbs 189
Command Forms with Reflexive Pronouns 192
Chapter 17: Negatives 196
Negative Words and Expressions 196
Negative Sentences 198
Negatives and Other Parts of Speech 200
Pronouns 200
Adjectives 202
Conjunctions: sino and pero 202
Review Questions 204
Resource Center 211
Books 211
Internet 212
Glossary 213
Appendix A: Thematic Vocabulary 218
Animals 218
Body and Health 218
Clothing 220
Days of the Week 221
Family 221
Foods 221
Home 222
Months of the Year 224
Nature 224
Neighborhood and Buildings 224
School 225
Sports, Diversions, and Amusements 227
Travel 228
Weather and Seasons 228
Work 229
Appendix B: Verb Charts 231
The Verb Hablar 231
The Verb Comer 232
The Verb Escribir 233
The Verb Ir 234
The Verb Ser 235
The Verb Dar 236
The Verb Estar 237
The Verb Hacer 238
The Verb Poner 239
The Verb Salir 240
The Verb Ver 241
The Verb Saber 242
The Verb Caer 243
The Verb Traer 244
The Verb Pensar 246
The Verb Mentir 247
The Verb Tener 248
The Verb Venir 249
The Verb Jugar 250
The Verb Dormir 251
The Verb Pedir 252
The Verb Decir 254
The Verb Seguir 255
Appendix C: Idiomatic Expressions 257
Introduce a Topic 257
Transitions 257
State an Opinion 258
Conclusions 259
Contrasts 260
Cause and Effect 260
Location 261
Time 261
Manner and Adverbial Expressions 263
Means of Transportation 265
Other Useful Expressions 265
Index 268
