CliffsNotes Spanish I QuickReview

Spelling and Pronunciation Nouns and Articles Replacing Nouns with Pronouns Infinitive and Regular Verb Use Basic Sentence Structure Irregular Verbs in the Present Tense Asking and Answering Questions Adjectives Adverbs and Comparisons Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns The Present Tense The Imperfect Tense Narration in the Past Prepositions Reflexive, Prepositional, and Demonstrative Pronouns Commands Negatives Review Questions Resource Center Glossary Thematic Vocabulary Verb Charts Idiomatic Expressions Why CliffsNotes? Go with the name you know and trust Get the information you need-fast! CliffsNotes Quick Review guides give you a clear, concise, easy-to-use review of the basics. Introducing each topic, defining key terms, and carefully walking you through sample problems, this guide helps you grasp and understand the important concepts needed to succeed. The essentials FAST from the experts at CliffsNotes Master the Basics – Fast Complete coverage of core concepts Easy topic-by-topic organization Access hundreds of practice problems at CliffsNotes.com

Table of Contents:
Introduction ix Why You Need This Book ix How to Use Th is Book ix Hundreds of Practice Questions Online!  x Chapter 1: Spelling and Pronunciation  1 Consonants 1 Double consonants 2 Consonant sounds and spellings 2 Cognates 2 The letter c 3 The letter g 3 The letter j 4 The letter h 4 The letter d 5 The letter t 5 The letters b and v 5 Dictionary entries 6 Vowels 6 Vowel sounds and spellings6 Diphthongs 7 Stress and Accentuation 8 Chapter 2: Gender: Nouns and Articles 10 Nouns 11 Articles 11 Definite articles 11 Indefinite articles 12 Gender 12 Basic rules 12 Article and suffix changes 14 Irregularities 16 Number and Plurality 19 Plural forms of definite articles 19 Plural forms of indefinite articles 19 Plural forms of nouns 20 Plural forms and accent marks 21 Compound Nouns 22 Chapter 3: Replacing Nouns with Pronouns  24 Prounoun Use 24 Pronoun Cases25 Subject Case Pronouns 25 English subject case pronouns 25 Spanish subject case pronouns 26 Differences between English and Spanish subject case pronouns 28 Replacing nouns with subject case pronouns 29 Chapter 4: Infinitive and Regular Verb Use 31 Infinitives 31 Verbs 33 Regular Verbs in the Present Tense 34 Choosing the Correct Verb Form 37 Present Progressive 39 Chapter 5: Basic Sentence Structure 42 Sentence Structure 42 Conjunctions 43 Punctuation 44 Question marks 44 Exclamation points 45 Punctuation and numbers 45 Chapter 6: Irregular Verbs in the Present Tense  46 Common Verbs Irregular in the Present Tense 47 Common irregular verbs 47 Irregular verbs in the yo form 48 Stem-Changing Verbs in the Present Tense 54 E to ie 55 O to ue 58 E to i 61 Confusing Verbs: Determining Which Verb to Use 62 Ser or estar 62 Conocer or saber 63 Llevar, tomar, and sacar 64 Chapter 7: Asking and Answering Questions  67 Yes or No Questions 67 Interrogative Pronouns (Question Words) 69 Question Words as Subjects 72 Using the Right Pronoun to Answer a Question 74 Chapter 8: Adjectives  76 Adjective Use 76 Adjectives and gender 77 Adjectives and number 81 Adjective placement 82 Adjectives that change meaning 84 Adjective Types 85 Possessive adjectives 85 Demonstrative adjectives 87 Adjectives from Verbs 90 Chapter 9: Adverbs and Comparisons  91 Adverbs from Adjectives 91 Irregular adverb 94 Adverb Placement in a Sentence 95 Adverbs of time 95 Adverbs of manner 96 Adverbs that modify adjectives or adverbs 97 Shortened Adverbs 97 Comparisons 98 Comparisons with adjectives 98 Comparatives of equality 99 Superlatives100 Comparisons with adverbs 100 Irregular comparisons 101 Chapter 10: Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns 103 Objective Cases 103 Direct Objects and Direct Object Pronouns 104 Direct object of a sentence 104 Th e personal a 105 Direct object pronouns 105 Direct object pronoun placement 106 Common transitive verbs 108 Indirect Objects and Indirect Object Pronouns 108 Indirect object of a sentence 109 Indirect object pronouns109 Indirect object pronoun placement 110 Special verbs with indirect object pronouns 111 Double Object Sentences 114 The use of se 115 Adding two object pronouns to verbs 116 Chapter 11: The Preterite Tense 118 Regular Verbs in the Preterite Tense 118 Different Yo Forms in the Preterite Tense 121 Verbs that end in –gar 121 Verbs that end in –car 122 Verbs that end in –zar 124 I to y 125 Stem Changers in the Preterite Tense 126 Stem-changing verbs ending in –ir 126 Irregulars in the Preterite Tense 128 U-stem verbs 129 I-stem verbs 130 J-stem verbs 131 Very irregular preterite verbs 132 Preterite Tense Situations 133 Preterite Tense Indicators 134 Chapter 12: The Imperfect Tense 136 Regular Verbs in the Imperfect 136 The Three Imperfect Irregulars 140 Imperfect Situations 141 Imperfect Indicators 142 Chapter 13: Narrations in the Past 144 Verbs Th at Change Meaning in the Preterite 145 Preterite-Imperfect Formulas 147 Joining verbs with mientras 148 Joining verbs with cuando 149 Expressions of Time 150 Chapter 14: Prepositions 153 Simple Prepositions 153 Preposition: a 154 Preposition: de 157 Preposition: en 160 Preposition: con 161 Para and Por 163 Preposition: para 163 Preposition: por 165 Idiomatic expressions 168 Compound Prepositions 169 Preposition Use with Verbs 170 Verbs with prepositions 170 Verbs with prepositions in English but not Spanish 172 Verbs after prepositions 173 Chapter 15: More Pronouns: Reflexive, Prepositional, and Demonstrative 175 Reflexivity 175 Reflexive pronouns 176 Reciprocity 177 Reflexive verbs 178 Common reflexive verbs 179 Prepositional Pronouns 180 Demonstrative Pronouns 181 Chapter 16: Commands 184 Tú Commands 184 Regular affirmative tú commands 184 Irregular affirmative tú commands 185 Negative tú commands 186 Vosotros commands 187 Usted and Ustedes Commands 188 Command Forms of Verbs 189 Command Forms with Reflexive Pronouns 192 Chapter 17: Negatives 196 Negative Words and Expressions 196 Negative Sentences 198 Negatives and Other Parts of Speech 200 Pronouns 200 Adjectives 202 Conjunctions: sino and pero 202 Review Questions 204 Resource Center 211 Books 211 Internet 212 Glossary 213 Appendix A: Thematic Vocabulary 218 Animals 218 Body and Health 218 Clothing 220 Days of the Week 221 Family 221 Foods 221 Home 222 Months of the Year 224 Nature 224 Neighborhood and Buildings 224 School 225 Sports, Diversions, and Amusements 227 Travel 228 Weather and Seasons 228 Work 229 Appendix B: Verb Charts 231 The Verb Hablar 231 The Verb Comer 232 The Verb Escribir 233 The Verb Ir 234 The Verb Ser 235 The Verb Dar 236 The Verb Estar 237 The Verb Hacer 238 The Verb Poner 239 The Verb Salir 240 The Verb Ver 241 The Verb Saber 242 The Verb Caer 243 The Verb Traer 244 The Verb Pensar 246 The Verb Mentir 247 The Verb Tener 248 The Verb Venir 249 The Verb Jugar 250 The Verb Dormir 251 The Verb Pedir 252 The Verb Decir 254 The Verb Seguir 255 Appendix C: Idiomatic Expressions 257 Introduce a Topic 257 Transitions 257 State an Opinion 258 Conclusions 259 Contrasts 260 Cause and Effect 260 Location 261 Time 261 Manner and Adverbial Expressions 263 Means of Transportation 265 Other Useful Expressions 265 Index 268