Business Ratios and Formulas: A Comprehensive Guide(Wiley Corporate F&A)

A complete appraisal of analytical tools available to managers to assess performance Required reading for anyone starting, running, or growing a business, Business Ratios and Formulas, Third Edition puts answers at the fingertips of business managers, with nearly 250 operational criteria and clear, easy-to-understand explanations that can be used right away. The Third Edition includes twenty new measurements. Approximately 20 new measurements Offers a comprehensive resource of nearly 250 operational criteria An Appendix including a dictionary of accounting and finance terms A thorough list of every ratio and formula, and how to compile and interpret that information Also by Steven M. Bragg: Fast Close: A Guide to Closing the Books Quickly, Second Edition An ideal tool for measuring corporate performance, this authoritative resource allows you to pick and choose the tools you need to best assess your organization's performance.

Table of Contents:
Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: Asset Utilization Measurements 5 Sales to Working Capital Ratio 6 Sales to Fixed Assets Ratio 7 Sales to Administrative Expenses Ratio 8 Sales to Equity Ratio 9 Sales per Person 10 Sales Backlog Ratio 12 Sales Returns to Gross Sales Ratio 13 Repairs and Maintenance Expense to Fixed Assets Ratio 14 Accumulated Depreciation to Fixed Assets Ratio 15 Capital to Labor Ratio 17 Fringe Benefits to Wages and Salaries Expense 18 Sales Expenses to Sales Ratio 19 Discretionary Cost Ratio 19 Interest Expense to Debt Ratio 20 Foreign Exchange Ratios 21 Overhead Rate 22 Goodwill to Assets Ratio 25 Overhead to Cost of Sales Ratio 26 Investment Turnover 27 Break-Even Point 28 Margin of Safety 29 Tax Rate Percentage 30 Chapter 3: Operating Performance Measurements 31 Operating Assets Ratio 31 Sales to Operating Income Ratio 33 Sales Margin 34 Gross Profit Percentage 34 Gross Profit Index 35 Investment Income Percentage 36 Operating Profit Percentage 38 Operating Leverage Ratio 39 Net Income Percentage 40 Core Operating Earnings 41 Profit per Customer Visit 42 Profit per Person 43 Core Growth Rate 44 Quality of Earnings Ratio 45 Chapter 4: Cash Flow Measurements 47 Cash Flow from Operations 47 Free Cash Flow 49 Cash Flow Return on Sales 50 Fixed Charge Coverage 51 Expense Coverage Days 52 Cash Flow Coverage Ratio 54 Cash Receipts to Billed Sales and Progress Payments 55 Cash to Current Assets Ratio 55 Cash Flow to Fixed Asset Requirements 56 Cash Flow Return on Assets 58 Cash to Working Capital Ratio 59 Cash Reinvestment Ratio 60 Cash to Current Liabilities Ratio 61 Cash Flow to Debt Ratio 62 Reinvestment Rate 63 Stock Price to Cash Flow Ratio 64 Dividend Payout Ratio 65 Chapter 5: Liquidity Measurements 67 Accounts Receivable Turnover 68 Average Receivable Collection Period 69 Days Delinquent Sales Outstanding 70 Days Sales in Receivables Index 71 Accounts Receivable Investment 72 Ending Receivable Balance 73 Inventory to Sales Ratio 74 Inventory Turnover 75 Inventory to Working Capital Ratio 77 Liquidity Index 78 Accounts Payable Days 79 Accounts Payable Turnover 80 Current Ratio 81 Quick Ratio 82 Cash Ratio 83 Sales to Current Assets Ratio 84 Working Capital Productivity 85 Days of Working Capital 86 Weighted Working Capital 87 Defensive Interval Ratio 88 Current Liability Ratio 89 Required Current Liabilities to Total Current Liabilities Ratio 90 Working Capital to Debt Ratio 91 Risky Asset Conversion Ratio 92 Noncurrent Assets to Noncurrent Liabilities Ratio 93 Short-Term Debt to Long-Term Debt Ratio 94 Altman’s Z-Score Bankruptcy Prediction Formula 95 Chapter 6: Capital Structure and Solvency Measurements 99 Times Interest Earned 99 Cash Coverage Ratio 100 Debt Coverage Ratio 101 Asset Quality Index 102 Accruals to Assets Ratio 104 Times Preferred Dividend Earned 105 Debt to Equity Ratio 107 Funded Capital Ratio 108 Retained Earnings to Stockholders’ Equity 109 Preferred Stock to Total Stockholders’ Equity 110 Issued Shares to Authorized Shares 111 Chapter 7: Return on Investment Measurements 113 Net Worth 113 Book Value per Share 115 Tangible Book Value 116 Return on Assets Employed 117 Return on Infrastructure Employed 119 Return on Operating Assets 120 Return on Equity Percentage 121 Return on Common Equity 122 Financial Leverage Index 123 Equity Growth Rate 124 Earnings per Share 125 Percentage Change in Earnings per Share 126 Economic Value Added 127 EVA Momentum 129 Relative Value of Growth 130 Dividend Payout Ratio 131 Dividend Yield Ratio 133 Chapter 8: Market Performance Measurements 135 Insider Stock Buy-Sell Ratio 135 Institutional Capture Rate 137 Market Value Added 138 Enterprise Value/Earnings Ratio 139 Stock Options to Common Shares Ratio 140 Cost of Capital 142 Sales to Stock Price Ratio 144 Price/Earnings Ratio 145 Capitalization Rate 146 Chapter 9: Measurements for the Accounting/Finance Department 147 Purchase Discounts Taken to Total Discounts 148 Percentage of Payment Discounts Missed 149 Transactions Processed per Person 150 Transaction Error Rate 151 Average Time to Issue Invoices 152 Average Employee Expense Report Turnaround Time 154 Payroll Transaction Fees per Employee 155 Time to Produce Financial Statements 157 Percentage of Tax Filing Dates Missed 158 Proportion of Products Costed Prior to Release 159 Internal Audit Savings to Cost Percentage 160 Internal Audit Efficiency 161 Deduction Turnover 162 Bad Debt Percentage 163 Percent of Receivables over XX Days Old 164 Allowance Exhaustion Rate 165 Percentage Collected of Dollar Volume Assigned 166 Cash Collected per Aging Bucket 167 Collection Effectiveness Index 168 Best Possible DSO 169 Partial Payment Agreement Percentage 170 Percent of Cash Applied on Day of Receipt 171 Auto Cash Hit Rate 172 Unmatched Receipts Exposure 172 Cost of Credit 173 Earnings Rate on Invested Funds 174 Brokerage Fee Percentage 175 Borrowing Base Usage Percentage 176 Chapter 10: Measurements for the Engineering Department 179 Bill of Materials Accuracy 179 Labor Routing Accuracy 181 Idea Kill Rate 182 Percentage of New Products Introduced 183 Percentage of Sales from New Products 184 Percentage of New Parts Used in New Products 185 Percentage of Existing Parts Reused in New Products 186 Average Number of Distinct Products per Design Platform 187 Percentage of Products Reaching Market before Competition 188 Return on Innovation Investment 189 Intangibility Index 189 Science Linkage Index 190 Ratio of Actual to Target Cost 191 Warranty Claims Percentage 192 Time from Design Inception to Production 193 Percentage of Floor Space Utilization 194 Chapter 11: Measurements for the Human Resources Department 197 Employee Turnover 197 Average Time to Hire 198 Late Personnel Requisitions Ratio 199 Sendouts per Hire 200 Intern Hiring Percentage 201 Ratio of Support Staff to Total Staff 201 Employment Cost Effectiveness 202 Chapter 12: Measurements for the Logistics Department 205 Production Schedule Accuracy 206 Economic Order Quantity 207 Number of Orders to Place in a Period 208 Economic Production Run Size 209 Raw Material Inventory Turns 209 Raw Material Content 210 Finished Goods Inventory Turns 211 Obsolete Inventory Percentage 212 Percentage of Inventory > XX Days Old 213 Percentage of Returnable Inventory 214 Excess Inventory Index 215 Inventory Accuracy 216 Percentage of Certified Suppliers 217 Electronic Data Interchange Supplier Percentage 218 Distribution Turnover 219 Supplier Fill Rate 220 On-Time Parts Delivery Percentage 221 Purchased Component Defect Rate 223 Incoming Components Correct Quantity Percentage 224 Percentage of Actual Payments Varying from Purchase Order Price 225 Percentage of Purchase Orders Issued below Minimum Dollar Level 226 Proportion of Corporate Credit Card Usage 227 Percentage of Receipts Authorized by Purchase Orders 228 Freight Audit Recovery Ratio 230 Picking Accuracy for Assembled Products 231 Order Fill Rate 231 Average Time to Ship 232 On-Time Delivery Percentage 234 Dock-to-dock Time 234 Percentage of Products Damaged in Transit 236 Percentage of Sales through Distributors 237 Chapter 13: Measurements for the Production Department 239 Constraint Productivity 240 Takt Time 240 Constraint Rework Percentage 241 Constraint Schedule Attainment 242 Constraint Utilization 243 Operational Equipment Effectiveness 244 Degree of Unbalance 245 Throughput Effectiveness 246 Manufacturing Critical Path Time 248 Manufacturing Efficiency 249 Break-Even Plant Capacity 250 Manufacturing Effectiveness 251 Productivity Index 252 Unit Output per Direct Labor Hour 253 Average Equipment Setup Time 255 Unscheduled Machine Downtime Percentage 255 Mean Time between Failures 257 Acceptable Product Completion Percentage 258 Work-in-Process Turnover 259 Work-in-Process to Standard Work-in-Process 260 Scrap Percentage 261 First-Time-Through Yield 262 Warranty Claims Percentage 263 Maintenance Expense to Fixed Assets Ratio 264 Indirect Expense Index 265 Reorder Point 266 On-Time Delivery Ratio 268 Chapter 14: Measurements for the Sales and Marketing Department 271 Market Share 271 Customer Turnover 272 Advertising Value Equivalency 273 Net Promoter Score 274 Browse-to-Buy Conversion Ratio 275 Recency 276 Direct Mail Effectiveness Ratio 277 Inbound Telemarketing Retention Ratio 279 Proportion of Completed Sales to Home Page Views 280 Quote to Close Ratio 281 Pull-Through Rate 282 Sales per Salesperson 283 Sales Productivity 284 Sales Effectiveness 285 Sales Trend Percentage by Product Line 286 Product Demand Elasticity 287 Days of Backlog 288 Chapter 15: Measurement Analysis with an Electronic Spreadsheet 291 Financial Statement Proportional Analysis 292 Financial Statement Ratio Analysis 294 Automated Ratio Result Analysis 296 Leverage Analysis 297 Trend Analysis 298 Forecasting 299 Cash Flow Analysis 303 Capital Asset Analysis 305 Compounding Analysis 307 Investment Analysis 309 Risk Analysis 311 Appendix: Measurement Summary 313 Glossary 339 About the Author 345 Index 347

About the Author :
STEVEN M. BRAGG, CPA, has been the chief financial officer or controller of four companies, as well as a consulting manager at Ernst & Young and auditor at Deloitte. He is the author of over thirty books primarily targeted toward corporate financial leaders (controllers, treasurers, and CFOs) and their needs. Bragg received a master's degree in finance from Bentley College, an MBA from Babson College, and a bachelor's degree in economics from the University of Maine.