Air Dispersion Modeling: Foundations and Applications

A single reference to all aspects of contemporary air dispersion modeling The practice of air dispersion modeling has changed dramatically in recent years, in large part due to new EPA regulations. Current with the EPA's 40 CFR Part 51, this book serves as a complete reference to both the science and contemporary practice of air dispersion modeling. Throughout the book, author Alex De Visscher guides readers through complex calculations, equation by equation, helping them understand precisely how air dispersion models work, including such popular models as the EPA's AERMOD and CALPUFF. Air Dispersion Modeling begins with a primer that enables readers to quickly grasp basic principles by developing their own air dispersion model. Next, the book offers everything readers need to work with air dispersion models and accurately interpret their results, including: Full chapter dedicated to the meteorological basis of air dispersion Examples throughout the book illustrating how theory translates into practice Extensive discussions of Gaussian, Lagrangian, and Eulerian air dispersion modeling Detailed descriptions of the AERMOD and CALPUFF model formulations This book also includes access to a website with Microsoft Excel and MATLAB files that contain examples of air dispersion model calculations. Readers can work with these examples to perform their own calculations. With its comprehensive and up-to-date coverage, Air Dispersion Modeling is recommended for environmental engineers and meteorologists who need to perform and evaluate environmental impact assessments. The book's many examples and step-by-step instructions also make it ideal as a textbook for students in the fields of environmental engineering, meteorology, chemical engineering, and environmental sciences.

Table of Contents:
Preface xv List of Symbols xix Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Types of Air Dispersion Models 4 1.3 Standard Conditions for Temperature and Pressure 6 1.4 Concentration Units in the Gas Phase 7 1.5 Units 9 1.6 Constants and Approximately Constant Variables 11 1.7 Frequently Used Greek Symbols 12 Problems 12 References 12 Chapter 2 An Air Dispersion Modeling Primer 14 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 Basic Concepts of Air Dispersion 15 2.3 Gaussian Dispersion Model 17 2.4 Plume Rise 30 2.5 Need for Refinements to the Basic Gaussian Plume Dispersion Model 34 Problems 34 Materials Online 36 References 36 Chapter 3 Air Pollutants: An Overview 37 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Types of Air Pollution 37 Problems 51 References 52 Chapter 4 Regulation of Air Quality and Air Quality Modeling 54 4.1 Introduction 54 4.2 Air Quality Regulation 54 4.3 Air Dispersion Modeling Guidelines 59 References 59 Chapter 5 Meteorology for Air Dispersion Modelers 60 5.1 Introduction 60 5.2 Structure of the Atmosphere 61 5.3 Altitude Dependence of Barometric Pressure 62 5.4 Height Dependence of Temperature—Adiabatic Case 65 5.5 Stability 70 5.6 Heat Balance 76 5.7 Wind Speed Profile 81 5.8 Temperature Profile Revisited: Nonneutral Conditions 93 5.9 Heat Balance Revisited: Stable Conditions 97 5.10 Mixing Layer Height 99 5.11 Concept of Turbulence 103 5.12 Special Topics in Meteorology 119 5.13 Advanced Topics in Meteorology 122 5.14 Summary of Main Equations 134 Problems 137 Materials Online 138 References 139 Chapter 6 Gaussian Dispersion Modeling: An In-Depth Study 141 6.1 Introduction 141 6.2 Gaussian Plume Models 142 6.3 Parameterizations Based on Stability Classes 145 6.4 Gaussian Plume Dispersion Short Cut 148 6.5 Plume Dispersion Modifiers 150 6.6 Continuous Parameterization for Gaussian Dispersion Models 153 6.7 Gaussian Plume Models for Nonpoint Sources 172 6.8 Virtual Source Concept 174 6.9 Special Issues 175 6.10 Gaussian Puff Modeling 180 6.11 Advanced Topics in Meteorology 187 6.12 Summary of the Main Equations 193 Problems 195 Materials Online 197 References 197 Chapter 7 Plume–Atmosphere Interactions 201 7.1 Introduction 201 7.2 Plume Rise 201 7.3 Plume Downwash: PRIME (Plume RIse Model Enhancements) 215 7.4 Behavior of Denser-than-Air Plumes 225 7.5 Deposition 234 7.6 Summary of the Main Equations 288 Problems 291 Materials Online 292 References 292 Chapter 8 Gaussian Model Approaches in Urban or Industrial Terrain 296 8.1 Introduction 296 8.2 Wind Flow around Obstacles 297 8.3 Surface Roughness and Displacement Height in Urban and Industrial Terrain 298 8.4 Wind Speed Profiles near the Surface: Deviations from Similarity Theory 303 8.5 Turbulence in Urban Terrain 314 8.6 Dispersion Calculations in Urban Terrain near the Surface 317 8.7 An Example 320 8.8 Summary of the Main Equations 324 Problems 326 Materials Online 327 References 327 Chapter 9 Stochastic Modeling Approaches 329 9.1 Introduction 329 9.2 Fundamentals of Stochastic Air Dispersion Modeling 330 9.3 Numerical Aspects of Stochastic Modeling 348 9.4 Stochastic Lagrangian Calculation Examples 353 9.5 Summary of the Main Equations 358 Problems 359 Materials Online 360 References 360 Chapter 10 Computational Fluid Dynamics and Meteorological Modeling 363 10.1 Introduction 363 10.2 CFD Model Formulation: Fundamentals 364 10.3 Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) Techniques 375 10.4 Large Eddy Simulation (LES) 394 10.5 Numerical Methods in CFD 397 10.6 Meteorological Modeling 399 10.7 Summary of the Main Equations 400 References 402 Chapter 11 Eulerian Model Approaches 404 11.1 Introduction 404 11.2 Governing Equations of Eulerian Dispersion Models 405 11.3 Closing the Material Balance for Turbulent Motion 412 11.4 Atmospheric Chemistry 422 11.5 Numerical Aspects of Eulerian Dispersion Modeling 455 11.6 Summary of the Main Equations 467 Problems 469 References 470 Chapter 12 Practical Aspects of Air Dispersion Modeling 474 12.1 Introduction 474 12.2 Source Characterization and Source Modeling 474 12.3 Coordinate Systems 476 12.4 Data Handling 478 12.5 Model Validation 478 References 479 Chapter 13 ISC3 and SCREEN3: A Detailed Description 480 13.1 Introduction 480 13.2 ISC3 Model Description 480 13.3 SCREEN3 Model Description 489 References 490 Chapter 14 AERMOD and AERMET: A Detailed Description 491 14.1 Introduction 491 14.2 Description of AERMET 492 14.3 Description of AERMOD 496 References 512 Chapter 15 CALPUFF and CALMET: A Detailed Description 514 15.1 Introduction 514 15.2 Description of CALMET 515 15.3 Description of CALPUFF 526 References 541 Chapter 16 CMAQ: A Brief Description 542 16.1 Introduction 542 16.2 Main Features of CMAQ 542 16.3 Advection and Diffusion Modeling in CMAQ 544 16.4 Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling in CMAQ 545 References 554 Appendix A Auxiliary Calculations and Derivations 556 Appendix B Auxiliary Da ta and Methods 596 Appendix C Theory of Near Surface Turbulence Applied to Wind Speed Profiles, Dry Deposition, Air–Water Exchange, and Canopy Effects 607 Index 629

About the Author :
ALEX DE VISSCHER, PhD, is the Canada Research Chair in Air Quality and Pollution Control Engineering at the University of Calgary. Dr. De Visscher has published his findings in a wide range of areas, including air quality and waste gas treatment, advanced oxidation, solution chemistry, and greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, he has published a volume of the IUPAC-NIST Solubility Data Series dedicated to alkaline earth carbonates. Among his honors and accolades, Dr. De Visscher is a recipient of the University of Calgary's Killam Emerging Research Leader Award.