In order to develop excellent photonic devices, we have to fully understand the physics behind operations of photonic devices. This book thoroughly teaches the fundamental physics currently applied to the development of photonics devices such as energy bands of semiconductors, optical transitions, optical waveguides, and semiconductor junctions. The book also reviews the characteristics of laser diodes, optical filters, and optical functional devices, which have been developed based on the above physics. These photonic devices have been demonstrated in system applications, and several experimental results are described.
Table of Contents:
Preface ix
Part I Physics Required to Design Laser Diodes 1
1 Energy Bands in Bulk and Quantum Structures 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Bulk Structure 4
1.3 Quantum Structures 14
1.4 Superlattices 19
References 21
2 Optical Transitions 23
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Direct and Indirect Transitions 24
2.3 Light-Emitting Processes 25
2.4 Spontaneous Emission Stimulated Emission and Absorption 26
2.5 Optical Gains 27
References 37
3 Optical Waveguides 39
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Two-Dimensional Optical Waveguides 41
3.3 Three-Dimensional Optical Waveguides 52
References 54
4 Optical Resonators 57
4.1 Introduction 57
4.2 Fabry–Perot Cavity 59
4.3 Waveguide Grating 65
4.4 Vertical Cavity 82
References 91
5 pn- and pnpn-Junctions 93
5.1 Intrinsic Semiconductor 93
5.2 Extrinsic Semiconductor 97
5.3 pn-Junction 103
5.4 pnpn-Junction 117
References 121
Part II Conventional Laser Diodes 123
6 Fabry–Perot Laser Diodes 125
6.1 Introduction 125
6.2 Rate Equations 128
6.3 Current versus Voltage Characteristics 130
6.4 Current versus Light Output Characteristics 131
6.5 Polarization of Light 146
6.6 Transverse Modes 148
6.7 Longitudinal Modes 157
6.8 Modulation Characteristics 160
6.9 Noises 172
References 189
7 Quantum Well Laser Diodes 191
7.1 Introduction 191
7.2 Features of Quantum Well LDs 191
7.3 Strained Quantum Well LDs 201
References 211
8 Single-Mode Laser Diodes 213
8.1 Introduction 213
8.2 DFB LDs 213
8.3 DBR LDs 222
8.4 Vertical Cavity Surface-Emitting LDs 224
References 229
9 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers 233
9.1 Introduction 233
9.2 Signal Gain 233
9.3 Polarization 238
9.4 Noises 239
References 241
Part III Advanced Laser Diodes and Related Devices 247
10 Phase-Controlled DFB Laser Diodes 249
10.1 Introduction 249
10.2 Theoretical Analysis 249
10.3 Device Structure 251
10.4 Device Characteristics and Discussion 252
10.5 Summary 254
References 255
11 Phase-Shift-Controlled DFB Laser Diodes 257
11.1 Introduction 257
11.2 Theoretical Analysis 258
11.3 Device Structure 262
11.4 Device Characteristics and Discussion 264
11.5 Summary 269
References 269
12 Phase-Controlled DFB Laser Filter 271
12.1 Introduction 271
12.2 Device Structure 272
12.3 Device Characteristics and Discussion 272
12.4 Summary 276
References 277
13 Phase-Shift-Controlled DFB Filter 279
13.1 Introduction 279
13.2 Theoretical Analysis 280
13.3 Device Structure 282
13.4 Device Characteristics and Discussion 283
13.5 Summary 287
References 287
14 Passive Phase-Shifted DFB Filter 289
14.1 Introduction 289
14.2 Theoretical Analysis 290
14.3 Device Structure 294
14.4 Device Characteristics and Discussion 298
14.5 Summary 301
References 301
15 Two-Section Fabry–Perot Filter 305
15.1 Introduction 305
15.2 Theoretical Analysis 306
15.3 Device Structure 309
15.4 Device Characteristics and Discussion 311
15.5 Summary 314
References 315
16 Optical Functional Devices with pnpn-Junctions 317
16.1 Introduction 317
16.2 Edge-Emitting Optical Functional Device 318
16.3 Surface-Emitting Optical Functional Device 321
References 336
Part IV System Demonstrations Using Advanced Laser Diodes and Related Devices 339
17 Photonic Switching Systems 341
17.1 Introduction 341
17.2 Wavelength Division Switching 344
17.3 Wavelength- and Time-Division Hybrid Switching 345
17.4 Summary 350
References 350
18 Optical Information Processing 353
18.1 Introduction 353
18.2 Serial-to-Parallel Data Conversion 354
18.3 Optical Self-Routing Switch 355
18.4 Optical ATM Switch 356
18.5 Optical Interconnection 359
18.6 Optical Memory 362
18.7 Optical Bus 365
References 366
Appendix A: Density of States 367
Appendix B: Density of States Effective Mass 381
Appendix C: Conductivity Effective Mass 383
Index 385
About the Author :
TAKAHIRO NUMAI, PHD, is Professor at Ritsumeikan University. Previously, at Opto-Electronics Research Laboratories, NEC Corporation, he researched and developed laser diodes for lightwave transmission systems and wavelength tunable optical filters for photonic switching systems. Dr. Numai holds twenty-eight U.S. patents, and he has authored and coauthored more than 150 technical papers and international conference communications on optoelectronics. He has also written many textbooks. Dr. Numai is a member of the Institute of Electronics, Information, and Communication Engineers of Japan; the Japan Society of Applied Physics; and the Physical Society of Japan. He is also a senior member of the Optical Society of America (OSA) and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).
