Nonlinear Optics: Phenomena, Materials and Devices(Wiley Series in Pure and Applied Optics)

Clear, integrated coverage of all aspects of nonlinear optics—phenomena, materials, and devices Coauthored by George Stegeman, one of the most highly respected pioneers of nonlinear optics—with contributions on applications from Robert Stegeman—this book covers nonlinear optics from a combined physics, optics, materials science, and devices perspective. It offers a thoroughly balanced treatment of concepts, nonlinear materials, practical aspects of nonlinear devices, and current application areas. Beginning with the presentation of a simple electron on a spring model—to help readers make the leap from concepts to applications—Nonlinear Optics gives comprehensive explanations of second-order phenomena, derivation of nonlinear susceptibilities, third-order nonlinear effects, multi-wave mixing, scattering, and more. Coverage includes: Nonlinear response of materials at the molecular level Second-order nonlinear devices, their optimization and limitations The physical origins of second- and third-order nonlinearities Typical frequency dispersion of nonlinearities, explained in terms of simple two- and three-level models Ultrafast and ultrahigh intensity processes Practice problems demonstrating the design of such nonlinear devices as frequency doublers and optical oscillators Based on more than twenty years of lectures at the College of Optics and Photonics (CREOL) at the University of Central Florida, Nonlinear Optics introduces all topics from the ground up, making the material easily accessible not only for physicists, but also for chemists and materials scientists, as well as professionals in diverse areas of optics, from laser physics to electrical engineering.

Table of Contents:
Preface xi 1. Introduction 1 1.1 What is Nonlinear Optics and What is it Good for? 1 1.2 Notation 2 1.3 Classical Nonlinear Optics Expansion 4 1.4 Simple Model: Electron on a Spring and its Application to Linear Optics 6 1.5 Local Field Correction 10 Suggested Further Reading 13 Part A: Second-order Phenomena 15 2. Second-Order Susceptibility and Nonlinear Coupled Wave Equations 17 2.1 Anharmonic Oscillator Derivation of Second-Order Susceptibilities 18 2.2 Input Eigenmodes, Permutation Symmetry, and Properties of χ (2) 23 2.3 Slowly Varying Envelope Approximation 25 2.4 Coupled Wave Equations 26 2.5 Manley–Rowe Relations and Energy Conservation 31 Suggested Further Reading 38 3. Optimization and Limitations of Second-Order Parametric Processes 39 3.1 Wave-Vector Matching 39 3.2 Optimizing d(2)eff 53 3.3 Numerical Examples 59 References 67 Suggested Further Reading 67 4. Solutions for Plane-Wave Parametric Conversion Processes 69 4.1 Solutions of the Type 1 SHG Coupled Wave Equations 69 4.2 Solutions of the Three-Wave Coupled Equations 77 4.3 Characteristic Lengths 80 4.4 Nonlinear Modes 81 References 84 Suggested Further Reading 85 5. Second Harmonic Generation with Finite Beams and Applications 86 5.1 SHG with Gaussian Beams 86 5.2 Unique and Performance-Enhanced Applications of Periodically Poled LiNbO3 (PPLN) 98 References 107 Suggested Further Reading 107 6. Three-Wave Mixing, Optical Amplifiers, and Generators 108 6.1 Three-Wave Mixing Processes 108 6.2 Manley–Rowe Relations 110 6.3 Sum Frequency Generation 111 6.4 Optical Parametric Amplifiers 113 6.5 Optical Parametric Oscillator 119 6.6 Mid-Infrared Quasi-Phase Matching Parametric Devices 128 References 139 Selected Further Reading 140 7. χ (2) Materials and Their Characterization 141 7.1 Survey of Materials 141 7.2 Oxide-Based Dielectric Crystals 143 7.3 Organic Materials 144 7.4 Measurement Techniques 149 Appendix 7.1: Quantum Mechanical Model for Charge Transfer Molecular Nonlinearities 153 References 157 Suggested Further Reading 158 Part B: Nonlinear Susceptibilities 159 8. Second- and Third-Order Susceptibilities: Quantum Mechanical Formulation 161 8.1 Perturbation Theory of Field Interaction with Molecules 162 8.2 Optical Susceptibilities 169 Appendix 8.1: χ (3)ijk‘ Symmetry Properties for Different Crystal Classes 192 Reference 196 Suggested Further Reading 196 9. Molecular Nonlinear Optics 197 9.1 Two-Level Model 198 9.2 Symmetric Molecules 210 9.3 Density Matrix Formalism 215 Appendix 9.1: Two-Level Model for Asymmetric Molecules—Exact Solution 216 Appendix 9.2: Three-Level Model for Symmetric Molecules—Exact Solution 218 References 222 Suggested Further Reading 223 Part C: Third-order Phenomena 225 10. Kerr Nonlinear Absorption and Refraction 227 10.1 Nonlinear Absorption 228 10.2 Nonlinear Refraction 238 10.3 Useful NLR Formulas and Examples (Isotropic Media) 243 Suggested Further Reading 250 11. Condensed Matter Third-Order Nonlinearities due to Electronic Transitions 251 11.1 Device-Based Nonlinear Material Figures of Merit 252 11.2 Local Versus Nonlocal Nonlinearities in Space and Time 253 11.3 Survey of Nonlinear Refraction and Absorption Measurements 255 11.4 Electronic Nonlinearities Involving Discrete States 256 11.5 Overview of Semiconductor Nonlinearities 266 11.6 Glass Nonlinearities 281 Appendix 11.1: Expressions for the Kerr, Raman, and Quadratic Stark Effects 284 References 286 Suggested Further Reading 289 12. Miscellaneous Third-Order Nonlinearities 290 12.1 Molecular Reorientation Effects in Liquids and Liquid Crystals 291 12.2 Photorefractive Nonlinearities 300 12.3 Nuclear (Vibrational) Contributions to n2|| (-ω; ω) 306 12.4 Electrostriction 310 12.5 Thermo-Optic Effect 312 12.6 χ(3) via Cascaded χ(2) Nonlinear Processes: Nonlocal 314 Appendix 12.1: Spontaneous Raman Scattering 317 References 328 Suggested Further Reading 329 13. Techniques for Measuring Third-Order Nonlinearities 330 13.1 Z-Scan 332 13.2 Third Harmonic Generation 339 13.3 Optical Kerr Effect Measurements 343 13.4 Nonlinear Optical Interferometry 344 13.5 Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing 345 References 346 Suggested Further Reading 346 14. Ramifications and Applications of Nonlinear Refraction 347 14.1 Self-Focusing and Defocusing of Beams 348 14.2 Self-Phase Modulation and Spectral Broadening in Time 352 14.3 Instabilities 354 14.4 Solitons (Nonlinear Modes) 363 14.5 Optical Bistability 372 14.6 All-Optical Signal Processing and Switching 375 References 382 Suggested Further Reading 383 15. Multiwave Mixing 384 15.1 Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing 385 15.2 Degenerate Three-Wave Mixing 397 15.3 Nondegenerate Wave Mixing 399 Reference 413 Suggested Further Reading 413 16. Stimulated Scattering 414 16.1 Stimulated Raman Scattering 415 16.2 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering 431 References 441 Suggested Further Reading 442 17. Ultrafast and Ultrahigh Intensity Processes 443 17.1 Extended Nonlinear Wave Equation 444 17.2 Formalism for Ultrafast Fiber Nonlinear Optics 448 17.3 Examples of Nonlinear Optics in Fibers 452 17.4 High Harmonic Generation 460 References 462 Suggested Further Reading 463 Appendix: Units, Notation, and Physical Constants 465 A.1 Units of Third-Order Nonlinearity 465 A.2 Values of Useful Constants 467 Reference 467 Index 469

About the Author :
GEORGE I. STEGEMAN, PhD, is Chair Professor in the College of Engineering at KFUPM, Saudi Arabia, and Emeritus Professor at the College of Optics and Photonics (CREOL) of the University of Central Florida (UCF). He is the first recipient of the Cobb Family Eminent Chair in Optical Sciences and Engineering at UCF. Dr. Stegeman is a Fellow of the Optical Society of America and has received the Canadian Association of Physicists's Herzberg Medal for achievement in physics and the Optical Society of America's R.W. Wood Prize. ROBERT A. STEGEMAN, PhD, has held professional positions at the College of Optical Sciences at The University of Arizona, as well as various industrial companies.