The Chain of Representation: Preferences, Institutions, and Policy across Presidential Systems

How do formal institutions affect the extent to which democracies adopt policies that reflect the preferences of their citizens? Based on a chain of representation model in which electoral rules and policy-making powers link citizens, politicians, and policies, this book reveals the conditions under which citizen preferences and implemented policies diverge. Comparative quantitative analyses encompassing eighteen Latin American countries show that presidential democracies vary greatly in the degree to which they demonstrate responsiveness to their electorates. Often, individual presidents with strong legislative powers have prompted policy changes that are unrepresentative of voter preferences. Other times, their interactions with legislatures result in more representative policies. Grounded in clear theory and thorough empirics, this study shows how rules can introduce dissonance between voters and politicians, but also how they can potentially reduce it. This is an excellent resource for scholars and graduate students interested in comparative politics, institutional design, economic policy, and Latin American studies.

Table of Contents:
1. Studying the chain of representation; 2. Our solutions to the challenges of studying the chain of representation; Part I. Stages: 3. Stage 1: citizens' preferences; 4. Stage 2: policymakers' preferences; 5. Stage 3: public policies chosen; 6. Placing preferences and policies on a common scale; Part II. Linkages: 7. Linkage 1: electoral systems; 8. Linkage 2: policymaking processes; Part III. Testing the Chain of Representation: 9. From citizens to policymakers; 10. From policymakers to policies; 11. From citizen to policies; 12. A chain is only as strong as its weakest link.

About the Author :
Brian F. Crisp is a Professor of Political Science at Washington University, St Louis. His work on electoral systems, legislative politics, interbranch relations, and policy choices has been published in The American Journal of Political Science, The American Political Science Review, and The Journal of Politics. He is also the Executive Editor of Legislative Studies Quarterly. Santiago Olivella is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. His research focuses on developing quantitative tools to study issues in electoral and legislative politics. He has published articles in Political Analysis, the American Journal of Political Science, the British Journal of Political Science, the Journal of Politics, and Electoral Studies. Guillermo Rosas is an Associate Professor of Political Science at Washington University, St Louis. His research explores the economic consequences of political regimes and political elite behavior. He is the author of Curbing Bailouts: Bank Crises and Democratic Accountability in Comparative Perspective (2010) and co-author of Latin American Party Systems (Cambridge, 2010).

Review :
'This very important book applies the logic of institutional design and sequential stages of representation to describe and explain the connections between citizens and policies in presidential democracies. The 'separation-of-powers' systems of Latin America, with their directly elected chief executives and greatly varying policymaking powers, provide an additional level of institutional variation. Its incorporation in this book makes a unique and memorable contribution to the representation literature.' G. Bingham Powell, Jr, University of Rochester 'This book represents a genuine breakthrough in systematic understanding of the 'chain' that links policy outcomes to citizens' preferences in democracies - and not only in its Latin American setting. By developing a common scale for the 'moods' of citizens and elected officials, as well as for actual policy outcomes, the book shows how electoral systems and the separation of powers shape degrees of democratic responsiveness.' Matthew S. Shugart, Distinguished Professor of Political Science, University of California, Davis 'The pathway from public opinion to policy is exceedingly complex, but Crisp, Olivella, and Rosas accomplish the seemingly insurmountable task of bringing into a single analysis this entire chain - voter preferences, electoral systems, leader preferences, executive/legislative relations, and policy outputs. This book is now required reading for scholars not just of Latin America but of the relationships between any of these links in the chain of representation.' Andy Baker, University of Colorado, Boulder 'Democratic institutions give voters the power to select self-interested politicians that implement the policies that voters want. Simple enough if voters know what they want, politicians do as they are told, and policies perform as expected. In The Chain of Representation, Crisp, Olivella, and Rosas, present an elegant integrated model to understand how congruent voters, politicians, and policy outcomes are. Who in political science has not dreamt of a book that effortlessly connects all stages of democratic representation into an integrated model? I know I have.' Ernesto Calvo, University of Maryland '... the book describes a fascinating set of regional trends ...' Emily Beaulieu Bacchus, Comparative Politics