The Historical Roots of Corruption: Mass Education, Economic Inequality, and State Capacity

Why does corruption persist over long periods of time? Why is it so difficult to eliminate? Suggesting that corruption is deeply rooted in the underlying social and historical political structures of a country, Uslaner observes that there is a powerful statistical relationship between levels of mass education in 1870 and corruption levels in 2010 across 78 countries. He argues that an early introduction of universal education is shown to be linked to levels of economic equality and to efforts to increase state capacity. Societies with more equal education gave citizens more opportunities and power for opposing corruption, whilst the need for increased state capacity was a strong motivation for the introduction of universal education in many countries. Evidence for this argument is presented from statistical models, case studies from Northern and Southern Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America, the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, as well as a discussions of how some countries escaped the 'trap' of corruption.

Table of Contents:
1. The theoretical framework; 2. The quantitative evidence; 3. Education in the developed countries (Northern and Southern Europe); 4. Education outside the developed countries: Africa, Latin America, Asia; 5. Education in the Anglo-American countries; 6. Is path dependence forever: how some countries reduced corruption.

About the Author :
Eric M. Uslaner is Professor of Government and Politics at the University of Maryland, College Park. He is the author of nine books, including The Moral Foundations of Trust (Cambridge, 2002), Corruption, Inequality, and the Rule of Law (Cambridge, 2010), and Segregation and Mistrust (Cambridge, 2012).

Review :
'In advancing his pioneering writing on corruption, Eric M. Uslaner shows how legacies matter, especially the bequests of education.  Combining a comparative historical analysis of schooling at all levels in the late nineteenth century with an appraisal of today's levels of corruption, his innovative book elegantly identifies state and market mechanisms that connect then to now, and pinpoints pathways out of historical traps.' Ira I. Katznelson, Ruggles Professor of Political Science and History, Columbia University 'Eric M. Uslaner's account of corruption belongs to the most thoughtful in theory, the most convincing in eloquence and the most conclusive in terms of the breadth and depth of its empirical evidence. Excelling on so many different levels in the key domain of 'good governance' is a unique achievement.' Christian Welzel, Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, Germany