About the Book
This book traces religion and secularity in eleven countries not shaped by Western Christianity (Japan, China, Indonesia, India, Pakistan, Iran, Russia, Turkey, Israel, Egypt, and Morocco), and how they parallel or diverge from Charles Taylor's grand narrative of the North Atlantic world, A Secular Age (2007). In all eleven cases, the state - enhanced by post-colonial and post-imperial legacies - highly determines religious experience, by variably regulating religious belief, practice, property, education and/or law. Taylor's core condition of secularity - namely, legal permissibility and social acceptance of open religious unbelief (Secularity III) - is largely absent in these societies. The areas affected by state regulation, however, differ greatly. In India, Israel and most Muslim countries, questions of religious law are central to state regulation. But it is religious education and organization in China, and church property and public practice in Russia that bear the brunt. This book explains these differences using the concept of 'differential burdening'.
Table of Contents:
1. Introduction Mirjam Künkler and Shylashri Shankar; 2. Secularity I: varieties and dilemmas Philip Gorski; 3. The origins of secular public space: religion, education, and politics in modern China Zhe Ji; 4. The formation of secularism in Japan Helen Hardacre; 5. Law, legitimacy, and equality: the bureaucratization of religion and conditions of belief in Indonesia Mirjam Künkler; 6. Secularity and Hinduism's imaginaries in India Shylashri Shankar; 7. Secularity without secularism in Pakistan: the politics of Islam from Sir Syed to Zia Christophe Jaffrelot; 8. Charles Taylor's A Secular Age and secularization from below in Iran Nader Hashemi; 9. The politics of Jewish secularization in Israel Hanna Lerner; 10. A Kemalist secular age? Cultural politics and radical republicanism in Turkey Asli Bali; 11. Enigmatic variations: Russia and the three secularities John Madeley; 12. Piety, politics and identity: configurations of secularity in Egypt Gudrun Krämer; 13. The commander of the faithful and Moroccan secularity Jonathan Wyrtzen; 14. Conclusions: the prevalence of the 'marked state' Mirjam Künkler and John Madeley; 15. Afterword and corrections Charles Taylor.
About the Author :
Mirjam Künkler is a senior research fellow at the Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study (SCAS). Before joining SCAS, she taught Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University, New Jersey, where she also directed the Oxford-Princeton research cluster on 'Traditional authority and transnational religious networks in contemporary Shi'i Islam' and co-directed the Luce Program on 'Religion and International Affairs' for several years. Her publications include Democracy and Islam in Indonesia (co-edited with Alfred Stepan, 2013), and many articles, inter alia in Party Politics, Comparative Studies in Society and History, the American Behavioral Scientist, Jahrbuch des Öffentlichen Rechts, the Asian Studies Review, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Democratization, and the Cambridge Journal of Law and Religion. John Madeley taught at the London School of Economics and Political Science for some three decades. Starting as a specialist in the government and politics of the Nordic countries, during the second half of his career he concentrated on researching and teaching the linkages between and contrasting patterns of religion and politics, especially across Europe's fifty-odd countries. In addition to many journal articles and book chapters, he edited Church and State in Contemporary Europe: The Chimera of Neutrality (with Zsolt Enyedi, 2003), Religion and Politics (2003) and Religion, Law and Politics in the European Union (with Lucian Leustean, 2010). Shylashri Shankar is the author of Scaling Justice: India's Supreme Court, Anti-Terror Laws and Social Rights (2009), and co-author of Battling Corruption (2013). In the past she has been a Fellow at the Rockefeller Foundation's Bellagio Center in Italy and a co-convenor of a research group at the Center for Interdisciplinary Research (ZiF) in Bielefeld, Germany. She is currently working on A Food Biography of India (forthcoming).
Review :
'With much learning, empirical range, and analytical acuity, this rich consideration of religion's qualities and effects profoundly extends Charles Taylor's influential scholarship on the origins and character of modern secularity in the West. Placing decisions by states across the globe at the center of the often surprising formations that constitute modernity, the volume's essays powerfully show how religious institutions and faith shape the public sphere, and illuminate how systems of belief, law, and participation orient national practices and identities. Must read!' Ira Katznelson, Columbia University, New York
'This collection of studies is a remarkably important contribution to understanding the ways in which Charles Taylor's delineation of the emergence of a secular age is, or is not, replicated in non-Western areas of the world.' David Martin, Fellow of the British Academy
'The West pioneered and to a large extent institutionalized a distinction between secular and more religious or sacred affairs. This has influenced the rest of the world, but also taken on different character in different settings, shaped by both innovations and different histories. This outstanding book is the best source for appreciating both the diversity of secularisms and the ways they all inform what Charles Taylor identified as our secular age.' Craig Calhoun, President of the Berggruen Institute, California
'The book ambitiously and innovatively recasts Charles Taylor's classic account of the secularization of the conditions of belief in the modern North Atlantic in a near-global perspective. State power was crucial to realize elite initiatives at critical junctures to reduce religion's public roles in societies where these efforts did not draw broad support. But the authors find that state-led transformative projects made religious belonging crucial to citizenship in ways that hindered the secularization of the conditions of belief in most Asian, East European, and North African societies. Comprehensively comparative analyses of forms of secularity, we learn, should focus on how state regulation crucially determines religion's influence over political authority and public life, and thus the feasibility of unbelief. Combining the fine-grained and contextually sensitive approaches of area specialists with an overarching and coherent conceptual vision, this fine volume advances the cutting edge of multi-disciplinary research on global secularities and public religion and should become a major reference work.' Narendra Subramanian, McGill University, author of Nation and Family: Personal Law, Cultural Pluralism, and Gendered Citizenship in India
'This is a timely set of interventions for an age where the very fabric of the state vis-a-vis religion, 'God' and secularism is becoming central in debates not only within the academic community but well-beyond - among politicians and political parties, and now even inside the spaces of foreign and international development policy. This book lays out an important analytical and practical approach to understanding the complexities of competing narratives by means of close factual analysis of particular cases and comparison between them. This is a necessary read in today's times.' Azza Karam, United Nations Population Fund
'A strong, well-argued book at the heart of current local and global debates on the relationship between state and religion. Altogether, the chapters make a remarkably coherent whole where the meeting of sociological concepts and grounded realities unfolds in a flow that gives meaning to our deepest concerns. This is a most welcome book in a troubled era that needs global solutions for globally-created dilemmas.' Fatima Sadiqi, University of Fez, Morocco, President of the Association for Middle East Women's Studies (AMEWS)
'This edited volume is extraordinarily well researched, coherent and inspiring, and it is therefore probably the best contribution to this body of scholarly work so far. … It thoroughly engages with the question of what the 'secular' could mean and look like outside the Christian world where it was always a cognate term of the (Christian) notion of religion; it identifies institutional configurations, critical junctures and pathway dependencies of secularity in the areas under study; and it explores the question of how legal and political regulations of religion and 'conditions of belief', e.g. the forms and possibilities of worldview pluralism, are related to one another. … this book is a monumental accomplishment and highly recommended to students of law, secularism, globalization, and transregional sociology.' Marian Burchardt, Oxford Journal of Law and Religion
'This is a book to be read, marked and inwardly digested. It is not to be rushed. There is a huge amount to take in over a wide canvas of ideas as well as places. Persevering readers will be richly rewarded for their efforts, for which reason I recommend it very warmly.' Grace Davie, Social Forces
“If you read one new book on secularization this year, it should be A Secular Age beyond the West. Mirjam Künkler, John Madeley, and Shylashri Shankar have compiled a marvellously coherent collection of essays that breaks important new ground in the comparative study of secularization. The strengths of this collection are many. Each chapter, on its own, is rich and suggestive. Yet the volume is more than the sum of its parts. It is rare that an edited volume displays such terrific thematic unity across the chapters.' Damon Mayrl, Sociology of Religion
'The accomplishment of A Secular Age Beyond the West is difficult to overstate, especially given the immensity of the project undertaken. The amalgamation of conceptual and empirical rigor, geographical reach, and historical sensitivity the book offers is unmatched in the latest generation of scholarship on secularization … The book's comparative-historical methodology should be underlined as a major contribution to the prospect of an emergent field of global secularity studies. While anthropologies of secularism (Cannell, 2010) tend to emphasize the uniqueness and incommensurability of each country/tradition, A Secular Age Beyond the West works consciously towards developing a common vocabulary for cross-religious and cross-regional comparisons, seeking to overcome an essentialized 'West and the Rest' distinction.' International Sociology
'Six of the case studies offer a nuanced portrait of Islam. Taken together, they help us appreciate the relevance of the state in the shaping of secularity in these societies. More importantly, they serve as a very well-informed rebuttal to the facile theses that look at a reified Islam incompatible with modernity … This collection of empirical studies and the in-depth theoretical discussions that frames it make this volume a model for the genre.' André Laliberté, University of Ottawa
'To do justice to the important topic of secularism requires a multidimensional perspective. A Secular Age beyond the West answers this need by looking at secularism from different cultural and geographic experiences through the expertise of scholars who are able to dive in depth into primary sources.' Selçuk Esenbel, Boğaziçi University
'A Secular Age beyond the West is an important and impressively conceptualized volume. Too often non-Western experience is excluded from broad theoretical discussions of the nature of, and relationship between, religion, secularism, and culture … In this rich volume editors Mirjam Künkler, John Madeley, and Shylashri Shankar assemble an excellent group of scholars to explore the implications of Taylor's concepts in an array of countries beyond the West.' Frank Ravitch, Michigan State University College of Law
