Training and Simulation: Processes, Challenges and Solutions

Developing training and simulation is a complex business. From understanding human performance design, usability and the limitations of training types to considerations with virtual reality (VR), producing realistic scenarios and even helping accident investigations leaves the practitioner with almost an overwhelming challenge. However, they know that their goal is to cut out developing methods that can train and test the sharp-end professional to be ready for any eventuality whether in the air, a chemical plant or the operating room. Through chapters written by leading experts, this book aims to address the key questions and concerns when developing training and simulation in high-risk industries. This book identifies unexplored challenges and weaknesses in the aviation domain, including ground-based training and flight simulation compared to the real world of in-flight complex aircraft operations, aviation accidents and incidents, airspace and air traffic control, aeronautical communications, air navigation, aircraft automation, and pilot certification and testing. These concerns are not just relevant to aviation, however. This book pushes beyond aviation to include other fields, including petrochemical and medicine, that, while on the surface are different, include some of the same human and organizational challenges. It integrates machine challenges with human factors science and includes a view of the corporate influences on training. Safety is a consideration in all the challenges and current limitations in training and simulation, and the book is written with the intention of improving both training and safety as industries deal with more and more complex advanced technology. Underpinned by case studies and real-life examples, this book will give the reader a thorough overview of the limitations of current training methods but with a view to improving and developing better methods for future training scenarios. Opportunities and solutions are presented for current or future research and the application and incorporation of these in day-day operations. Training and Simulation: Processes, Challenges and Solutions will appeal to practitioners of human factors, training, pilots and ground operators, engineers involved in systems design, safety specialists, test evaluators, and accident investigators across multiple domains.

Table of Contents:
Preface Editors Contributors Forward Chapter 1 Realism in Simulation Dennis A Vincenzi and Dahai Liu Chapter 2 Do Pilots Consciously Alter Their Decision-Making Behavior During a Simulator Check? Helen Heenen Chapter 3 The Problem with Motion Drive Felip Vanbiervliet Chapter 4 Scenarios, Simulation and Simplicity: Coming Together for Improved Pilot Training Mark Cameron, Richard J. Kennedy and Nicklas Dahlstrom Chapter 5 Training and Simulation: Enhancing Military Readiness Jonathan Lee Chapter 6 Challenges in the Future of Aviation Maria Chapparro Osman, Summer Rebensky and Maureen Manukasa Chapter 7 Airline Pilot Training with Consumer Technology: Evolution and Challenges Robert Dorsett Chapter 8 Limitations of Data Based Training Shem Malmquist, Helen Heenan and Robert Dorsett Chapter 9 The Airline Pilot (a true story) Andrew Whittall Chapter 10 Pilot Training: Impact to Aviation Safety Karlene Petitt Chapter 11 What is the Point? Steve Green Chapter 12 Validity and Reliability of Flight Crew Training and Testing: A Regulatory View Greg Fox Chapter 13 Speaking the Same Safety Language: The Chemical Industry Needs a Common Taxonomy Katherine A. Lemos, Anna Pamela Suarez, Michael M. Fitz and Charly Wigstrom Chapter 14 New Frontiers in Cybernetics for Training and Human-System Optimization Ryan McKendrick and Katherine A. Lemos Chapter 15 Culture and Performance Suren Ratwatte Chapter 16 Investigating the Role of Socio-Technical Factors, with an Emphasis on Training, in Causing Incidents Using the AcciMap Framework: Case Studies from the Oil and Gas and Healthcare Industries Maryam Tabibzedeh and Najmedin Meshkati Chapter 17 Differences Between Simulation for Training and Simulation for Evaluation/Assessment Cheryl Camacho, Carrie Miller, E. Miriam Balkin, E. Asher Balkin and Shawn Pruchnicki Appendices List of Authors and Affiliations Index

About the Author :
Captain Shem Malmquist, MSc, FRAeS, is an instructor and graduate lecturer at the Florida Institute ofTechnology teaching aviation safety, accident investigation and system safety. In addition, he is a B-777 Captain flying worldwide and has been involved in training program development as well as flight training. Captain Malmquist has published numerous technical and academic articles stemming from his work on flight safety and accident investigation. His current work involves risk analysis, accident prevention, flight operations work and development of standards for transport airplanes. He has led or been deeply involved in several major aircraft accident investigations, performing operations, human factors, systems, and aircraft performance analysis. He is an elected Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society, as well as full member of ISASI, the Resilience Engineering Association, AIAA, the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, IEEE, the Flight Safety Foundation and SAE where he is an active member of the Flight Deck and Handling Quality Standards for Transport Aircraft and several other committees involving aircraft certification standards. Dennis Vincenzi earned his Doctoral degree in 1998 from the University of Central Florida in Human Factors Psychology and has over 25 years of experience as a Human Factors scientist and researcher. Dr. Vincenzi held the position of Assistant Professor in the Department of Human Factors and Systems at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University from 1999 to 2004. Since leaving Embry-Riddle, he has worked for the United States Navy as a Senior Human Factors Scientist at the Naval Air Warfare Center Training Systems Division (NAWCTSD) in Orlando, FL. Dr. Vincenzi has also been heavily involved in research involving pilot selection, human performance, and ground control station design for a number of Navy, Marine Corps, and Special Operations Command Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS). Dr. Vincenzi currently holds the position of Associate Professor in the Master of Science in Human Factors program in the College of Arts and Sciences at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. Shawn Pruchnicki Ph.D., FRAeS, ATP CFII MEI is an assistant professor at The Ohio State University (OSU), in the College of Engineering the owner of Human Factors Investigation and Education (HFIE). Originally trained as a pharmacist/toxicologist, he also worked as a firefighter/paramedic, an airline pilot, and later for NASA prior to arriving at OSU. During his time as an airline pilot, he performed ALPA safety work at both the local and national level (Director of HF) including time as an ALPA accident investigator where he received most of his training at the NTSB Training Academy. He has participated in five air carrier accidents and over 200 incidents in addition to other extensive domestic and international aviation safety work. His consulting company is very active globally with several employees working in various domains helping organizations solve a host of safety related issues including safety culture problems. He has testified to the US Senate on safety culture problems in aerospace manufacturing and the potential resulting dangers. Most of his research at OSU is related to resilience engineering and how it can be operationalized in safety sensitive domains when confronted with an accident investigation. This research involves how resilience engineering could be utilized to help understand causation and develop a more proactive approach to preventing accidents. Most of his research grants come from the FAA to investigate automation related problems in advanced flight deck designs. Shawn has an extensive safety concentrated research base and is published in NASA and FAA technical publications in addition to a broad range of scientific literature and scientific technical presentations . He is also highly sought after for media interviews and has almost 300 to date with about half international. Finally, in addition to being in several aviation films, plus functioning as a consultant in an aviation Hollywood film he is also a regular cast member on “Mayday - Air Disaster” TV series. Katherine A. Lemos, PhD, FRAeS, CFII is the principal of DaVinci Tech Performance LLC. As an expert in accident investigation, human decision-making, and safety management systems, Dr. Lemos is known for her innovative and strategic approaches leveraging advances in analytics and autonomy to prevent accidents and promote new technologies. Throughout her career, Dr. Lemos has focused on improving safety and efficiency at the level of the individual and the organization. She previously served as a senate-confirmed Chairperson and Board Member of the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB), and prior to this, in industry as a Director of Autonomous Systems for Northrop Grumman Corporation’s Aerospace Sector. Previous to this, she was a technical leader and program manager for research in aircraft certification and aviation safety at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), at the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) as a Senior Human Performance Investigator in Aviation Safety, and as a project manager and statistician for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) at Langely Air Force Base through the University of Iowa, University of Maryland, and the National Institute of Aeronautics. She earned her PhD in Social Psychology from the University of Iowa, holds two masters in psychology, and a B.A. in business management.