The Atom Uncovered

Atoms are the building blocks of the universe and they consist of protons, neutrons and electrons. It is these sub-atomic particles though, that are the foundation of matter. Conversely, electromagnetic waves are a form of energy and not only give us visible light but everything from radio waves to gamma rays. The electromagnetic force is also one of the four fundamental forces of the universe, the others being gravity, the strong force and the weak force. In this book we show how electromagnetic waves can form the sub-atomic particles, as well as how these can fit together to form the nuclei of atoms and of all their isotopes. From this we are able to combine the weak and strong forces into the electromagnetic force. We then go on to show how our model agrees with and explains various phenomena. For example antimatter, quantum mechanical spin, radioactivity, chemical bonding and superconductivity. The first appendix of the book contains diagrams of the nucleus, for the most abundant isotopes of each element. All of these diagrams are consistent with each other and follow a logical progression from hydrogen to uranium. The second appendix contains a detailed description of the nuclear constructions for a range of isotopes for each element from hydrogen to lead. This range contains all the isotopes between a couple before the first stable isotope to a couple after the last stable isotope. Along with each construction is included its radioactive decay path and magnetic moment. As with the diagrams, these constructions are all consistent with each other, for example similar constructions will follow the same decay path. The last appendix contains detailed information on the electron shell configuration for all of the oxidation states of each element. This book combined with our second book, "Gravity & Electromagnetic" waves forms the unified theory of the physical forces. Lastly "Dark Matter & The Universe" expands upon this unified theory to explain how the universe develops over time. It starts from the initial high energy situation and goes through the formation of particles, followed by the development of the different types of galaxies and explains the future development of the universe. It makes it clear the part black holes play, as well as where the dark matter is in the universe. Overall, these three books form the unified theory and explain everything consistently from the sub-atomic particles to the structure of the universe and the energy that flows around within it.

Table of Contents:
1. Introduction 1.1 The History of the Atom 1.2 Properties of Atoms 1.2.1 General Properties 1.2.2 Anti-Particles 1.2.3 Radioactivity 1.2.4 Magnetic Moments 1.2.5 Energy Levels 1.2.6 Chemical Bonding 1.2.7 Electrical Conductivity 1.2.8 Thermal Conduction 1.3 Overview of Our Model 2 Our Proposed Model 2.1 Sub-atomic Particles 2.2 Quarks 2.3 A Neutron's Magnetic Moment and Electric Dipole 2.4 A Hydrogen Atom 2.5 A Helium Atom 2.6 Hydrogen-2 and -3 and Helium-3 Isotopes 2.7 Heavier Elements 2.8 The Strong Force and Binding Energy 2.9 Electrons 2.10 Conclusions 3 How Our Model Correlates with Various Physical Properties 3.1 Antimatter 3.1.1 Anti-electrons (positrons) 3.1.2 Antineutrons 3.1.3 Antiprotons 3.2 Quantum Mechanical Spin 3.3 Magnetic Moments 3.4 Radioactivity 3.5 Chemical Bonding 3.6 Thermal Energy 3.7 Electrical Conduction 3.8 Superconductivity 3.9 Conclusions 4 Overall Conclusions Appendix A Nuclear Diagrams Appendix B Isotope Constructions Appendix C Oxidation States References