About the Book
A striking and famous feature of the English landscape, Dartmoor is a beautiful place, with a sense of wildness and mystery. This book provides a new perspective on an important aspect of Dartmoor’s past. Its focus is transhumance: the seasonal transfer of grazing animals to different pastures.
In the Middle Ages, intensive practical use was made of Dartmoor’s resources. Its extensive moorlands provided summer pasture for thousands of cattle from the Devon lowlands, which flowed in a seasonal tide, up in the spring and down in the autumn. This book describes, for the first time, the social organisation and farming practices associated with this annual transfer of livestock. It also presents evidence for a previously unsuspected Anglo-Saxon pattern of transhumance in which lowland farmers spent the summers living with their cattle on the moor.
Winner of the Devon Book of the Year Award 2013.
Table of Contents:
List of Colour Plates
List of Figures
List of Tables
Editors’ Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
Introduction by Christopher Dyer and Matthew Tompkins
1. Definitions and limitations
Defining Dartmoor’s resources
Dartmoor and its parts
Transhumance and its types
Limitations of this book
2. The red tides: impersonal transhumance and the central moor
The central moor: ownership and commoners
Distances travelled and middlemen
Pastoral management: the herdsman’s year
Livestock: numbers and types
3. The red tides: impersonal transhumance and the outer moors
Ownership and commoners
Pastoral management: drifts, structures, strays
Perambulation and dispute resolution
Order and disorder: outer moors and the central moor
4. Personal transhumance: distant detachments
Cockington and Dewdon
Ipplepen, Abbotskerswell and their links
Detached parts of the hundreds of Exminster, Wonford and Kerswell
Kenton with Heatree
Paignton and its parts
Lifton and Sourton
Northlew, Venn and Lettaford
Tavistock and Cudlipp
Bickleigh and Sheepstor
The significance of the detachments
5. Personal transhumance: archaeology, topography, place-names
and history
Archaeology and topography
Place-names and history: economy and society
6. Domesday Book and beyond: the transition from personal to impersonal transhumance
The role of colonists
The role of lords
The role of the Crown
7. Dartmoor and beyond
Droveways
Pastoral husbandry
The implications of transhumance for lowland farming
Conclusion by Christopher Dyer and Matthew Tompkins
Notes
Bibliography
Index
About the Author :
The late Harold Fox was born and brought up in South Devon, and was Professor of Social and Landscape History at the Centre for English Local History, University of Leicester. He was a recognised authority on late-medieval landscape, agrarian and social history, particularly in the South-West and Midlands, and had served as president of the Medieval Settlement Research Group, chairman of the Society for Landscape Studies, vice-president of the English Place-Names Society and president of the Devon History Society.
Sadly he died before completing the final stages of this book, but two colleagues from the University of Leicester’s Centre for English Local History have brought it to the point of publication.
Matthew Tompkins is Honorary Visiting Fellow at the Centre for English Local History, University of Leicester. Christopher Dyer is Emeritus Professor at the Centre for English Local History, University of Leicester.
Review :
“His scholarship is meticulous; his knowledge of medieval documents, his skill in reading them (literally and in a deeper sense), and his understanding of context are skilfully deployed to answer a series of questions germane to his overall theme. This book is his masterwork; it is without question one of the most original contributions to the medieval history – and landscape history – of Dartmoor and Devon written in recent years. It is also an important contribution to the study of medieval transhumance in Britain.”
Andrew Fleming, Emeritus Professor of Archaeology, University of Lampeter, Wales
‘...written in a typical Fox style’
‘...both elegant and richly learned. The reader is quickly aware of deep currents of knowledge that lie beneath a sparkling, bubbling flow of fascinating chapters.’
‘His vivid writing brings the hills and rivers to life and fills them with fascinating characters.’
‘I found this a compelling read.’
‘We must remember and thank Harold Fox for leading us along new roads to Dartmoor and beyond’.
(Medieval Settlement Research, No 27, Autumn 2012,Sam Turner)
‘his last publication, typically questioning and skilfully executed’
(The Local Historian, Volume 42, Number 4, November 2012)
‘Fox’s study is brilliant, speculative, insightful and infuriating by turns. It is exemplary landscape history in the hands of a skilled practitioner who walked the drove roads and read the documents’
(British Archaeology, July/August 2012, Mark Gardiner)
‘His affection for its community meant he wrote more for pragmatic Devonshire people and practical historians than for outsiders with romanticised views of Dartmoor. He wished to encourage and support local farmers by preparing an authoritative account of their history, regarding them as the wisest of Dartmoor’s ecologists, defending customs and grazings developed over many generations. The Moor, marginal to many, is in Fox’s hands in Devon’s enormous pool of available common pasture.’
‘Harold Fox, in his final work, encourages all with an interest in our historic landscape to acknowledge the possibility that their own local patterns, colours and character were shaped by accommodation and servicing of seasonal movements of people and livestock…’ (Landscape History, 2013, Vol. 34 No.1, Peter Herring)
‘The book, which has been completed with clarity by its editors to form a compelling read, makes the best-possible case for the profound inter-dependence in history of the area we now call Dartmoor, and surrounding lowland Devon.’
(Devonshire Association’s Transactions, 2012, Vol.144)
“Fox weaves [...] diverse fragments of evidence into a compelling and convincing reconstruction of the economy and society of medieval Dartmoor. This is a magisterial work, characterised by excellent judgement and scholarship.” (Mark Bailey, The English Historical Review, Volume CXXIX No. 538, June 2014)
