Statistical Methods for Health Sciences

This book offers recently developed statistical methods used in the health sciences. These methods are presented in a comprehensive and systematic manner and include methods to account for what is widely known as intracluster correlation.

Table of Contents:
COMPARING GROUP MEANS WHEN THE STANDARD ASSUMPTIONS ARE VIOLATED Introduction Non-Normality Heterogeneity of Variances Non-Independence STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF MEASUREMENTS RELIABILITY: THE CASE OF INTERVAL SCALE MEASUREMENTS Introduction Models for Reliability Studies Case 1: The One-Way Random Effects Model Case 2: The Two-Way Random Effects Model Case 3: The Two-Way Mixed Effects Model Covariate Adjustment in the One-Way Random Effects Model Comparison of Measurement Methods Comparing the Reliability of Two Methods Comparing the Precisions of Two Methods Concordance Correlation as a Measure of Reproducibility STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF CROSS-CLASSIFIED DATA Introduction Measures of Association in 2x2 Tables Cross Sectional Sampling (Historical Cohort Studies) Cohort and Case-Control Studies Statistical Inference on Odds Ratio Significance Tests Interval Estimation Analysis of Several 2x2 Contingency Tables Statistical Methods for Bias Reduction Analysis of Matched Pairs (One Case and One Control) Estimating the Odds Ratio Testing the Equality of Marginal Distributions Statistical Analysis of Clustered Binary Data Testing Homogeneity Inference on the Common Odds Ratio Measure of Interclinician Agreement for Categorical Data Agreement in 2x2 Tables (Two Clinicians and Two Categories) Confidence Interval on Kappa in 2x2 Table Agreement between Two Raters with Multiple Categories More than Two Clinicians Assessment of Bias Statistical Analysis of Medical Screening Tests Introduction Estimating Prevalence Estimating Predictive Value Positive and Predictive Value Negative Estimation in Double Sampling Dependent Screening Tests (Multiple Readings) Estimation of Parameters Special Topics Group Testing Evaluating the Performance of Medical Screening Tests in the Absence of a Gold Standard (Latent Class Models) LOGISTIC REGRESSION Introduction The Logistic Transformation Coding Categorical Explanatory Variables and Interpretation of Coefficients Interaction and Confounding The Goodness of Fit and Model Comparisons Pearson's X2 - Statistic The Likelihood Ratio Criterion (Deviance) Logistic Regression of Clustered Binary Data Introduction Intracluster Effects Analysis of Overdispersed Binomial Data Full Likelihood Models Estimating Equations Approach Logistic Regression for Case-Control Studies Cohort versus Case-Control Models Matched Analysis Conditional Likelihood Fitting Matched Case-Control Study Data in SAS THE ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES Introduction Simple Descriptive Methods Fundamental Concepts in the Analysis of Time Series Stochastic Process Stationary Series The Autocovariance and Autocorrelation Functions Models for Stationary Time Series Autoregressive Processes Moving Average Processes The Mixed Autoregressive Moving Average Process Models for Nonstationary Time Series Nonstationarity in the Mean Differencing Arima Models Nonstationarity in the Variance Model Specification and Parameter Estimation Specification Estimation Forecasting The One-Way and Two-Way Analysis of Variance with Time-Series Data Introduction One-Way Anova with Correlated Errors Two-Way Anova with Correlated Errors REPEATED MEASURES ANALYSIS Introduction Examples Effect of Mycobacterium Inoculation on Weight Variation in Teenage Pregnancy Rates (TAPR) in Canada Methods for the Analysis of Repeated Measures Experiments Basic Models Hypothesis Testing Recommended Analysis for Example A Recommended Analysis for Example B Missing Observations The Generalized Estimating Equations Approach