Contaminants of Emerging Concern in the Environment: Ecological and Human Health Considerations(1048 ACS Symposium Series)

Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) pose new and grave challenges to public health and the health of the ecosystem on which we depend for safe water, air, soil, and food. On the horizon looms a perfect storm. The production of new chemicals stretches and often exceeds the capacity of current safety monitoring and risk assessment technologies. Population growth and expectations for improved living standards puts more demand on finite resources. As documented by U.S. Geological Survey studies of the past decade, surface, ground, and drinking waters are already significantly contaminated. The authors of this volume document the current science of CECs with important new data on the risks associated with a broad range of persistent organic pollutants. These include pharmaceutical and personal care products, natural and synthetic hormones, agricultural pesticides, perfluorinated compounds, and other organohalogens. The volume is organized in three sections: 1) environmental sources, occurrences, and fates of CECs; 2) ecotoxicological and human health risks of CECs; and 3) modeling tools, research needs and policy options for managing CECs. This organization provides a very useful terrain map of the field that will guide scientists and policy makers as they grapple with the serious problems described in each of the chapters. Recent advances in genomics and epigenomics underscore the extraordinary sensitivity of cellular structures and metabolic pathways to modification by CECs at concentrations once thought to be safe. The very qualities of stability and persistence that are desirable from a pharmacokinetic perspective, whether in drugs for human or veterinary medicine or pesticides and herbicides for agricultural use, now must be viewed as potential threats to the health of the ecosystem. The authors of this volume alert readers to issues revealed by the application of new methods of measurement. How successful we are in coping with these issues has profound implications for the health of the public.

Table of Contents:
Preface Acknowledgments 1. Introduction to Contaminants of Emerging Concern in the Environment: Ecological and Human Health Considerations R. U. Halden Environmental Sources, Occurrences, and Fate of CECs 2. Pharmaceutical Ingredients in Drinking Water: Overview of Occurrence and Significance of Human Exposure C. G. Daughton 3. Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals in U.S. Drinking Water Shane A. Snyder 4. Trace Organics in Arizona Surface and Wastewaters C. Chiu and P. K. Westerhoff 5. Illicit Drugs as Emerging Contaminants Sara Castiglioni and Ettore Zuccato 6. Persistent Organic Pollutants in Sewage Sludge: Levels, Sources, and Trends Bradley O. Clarke and Nichola A. Porter 7. U.S. EPA's 2006-2007 Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey Rick Stevens 8. Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in U.S. Biosolids Kristin McClellan and Rolf U. Halden 9. Removing Steroids from Contaminated Waters Using Radical Reactions Stephen P. Mezyk, Edsel M. Abud, Katy L. Swancutt, Garrett McKay, and Dionysios D. Dionysiou 10. Transport of PPCPs and Veterinary Medicines from Agricultural Fields following Application of Biosolids or Manure Edward Topp, Chris D. Metcalfe, Alistair B. Boxall, and David R. Lapen Ecotoxicological and Human Health Risks of CECs 11. Environmental Fate and Hazards of the Pharmaceutical Diclofenac in Aquatic Environments Jesper Svanfelt, Jenny-Maria Kallio, Johan Eriksson, and Leif Kronberg 12. Fate of Caffeine in the Environment and Ecotoxicological Considerations Thomas Bruton, Ali Alboloushi, Bella de la Garza, Bi-O. Kim, and Rolf U. Halden 13. Perfluorinated Chemicals in Drinking and Environmental Waters Paul C. Rumsby, Wendy F. Young, Tom Hall, and Clare L. McLaughlin 14. Earthworms: Diagnostic Indicators of Wastewater Derived Anthropogenic Organic Contaminants in Terrestrial Environments Chad A. Kinney, Edward T. Furlong, Dana W. Kolpin, Steven D. Zaugg, Mark R. Burkhardt, Joseph P. Bossio, and Stephen L. Werner 15. Potential Implications of Amending Agricultural Soils with Biosolids Evelyn Walters and Rolf U. Halden 16. Manifestation of Ecotoxicity in Parts per Trillion Contaminant Levels in Natural and Simulated Environmental Settings Hans Sanderson and Martin Rudbeck Jepsen 17. Presence of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the Environment - A Concern for Human Health? Sara Bachman Ducey and Amir Sapkota 18. Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in the Environment and Potential Risks of Emerging Antibiotic Resistance Rebecca M. Coulborn, Erin Rees Clayton, and Allison E. Aiello Modeling Tools, Research Needs, and Policy Options for Managing CECs 19. Empirical Models for Predicting the Occurrence and Concentration of Organic Chemicals in Biosolids Randhir P. Deo and Rolf U. Halden 20. Comparing the Phenomenological and Hydrodynamic Modeling Approaches for Describing the Rejection of Emerging Nonionic Organic Contaminants by a Nanofiltration Membrane Christopher L. Bellona and Jörg E. Drewes 21. Concentrations of Hydrophobic Organic Pollutants in U.S. Wastewater Treatment Plants and in Receiving Surface Waters Modeled from EPA Biosolids Monitoring Data Alex Weir, William E. Moiles, Brian Brockman, Carolyn S. Mattick, Kristin McClellan, Lisa Gerwe, Randhir P. Deo, and Rolf U. Halden 22. Assessment of the Aquatic Release and Relevance of Selected Endogenous Chemicals: Androgens, Thyroids and Their in Vivo Metabolites Usman Khan and Jim Nicell 23. Assessment of the Contribution of Triclosan to Dioxin Emissions from Sludge Incineration in the U.S. Using a Mathematical Model K. D. Doudrick, D. B. Jones, T. Kalinowski, E. M. Hartmann, and R. U. Halden 24. Literature Review of Meta-Analyses and Pooled Analyses of Disinfection By-Products in Drinking Water and Cancer and Reproductive Health Outcomes Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen, James Grellier, Nina Iszatt, David Martinez, Md Bayzidur Rahman, and Cristina M. Villanueva 25. Impact of Point-of-Use Water Softening on Sustainable Water Reclamation: Case Study of the Greater Phoenix Area E. N. Daugherty, A. V. Ontiveros-Valencia, J. S. Rice, M. J. Wiest, and R. U. Halden 26. Bioassay Guided Fractionation (Toxicity Identification and Evaluation) for the Determination of Estrogenic Agents in Environmental Samples Daryl Bulloch, Ramon Lavado, and Daniel Schlenk 27. Fluorinated Chemicals and the Impacts of Anthropogenic Use D. E. C. Adams and R. U. Halden APPENDIX A Usman Khan and Jim Nicell APPENDIX B Usman Khan and Jim Nicell Indexes Author Index Subject Index

About the Author :
Ralph U. Halden is affiliated with The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University.