About the Book
On December 4, 1865, members of the 39th United States Congress walked into the Capitol Building to begin their first session after the end of the Civil War. They understood their responsibility to put the nation back on the path established by the American Founding Fathers. The moment when the Republicans in the Reconstruction Congress remade the nation and renewed the law is in a class of rare events. The Civil War should be seen in this light. In From Oligarchy to Republicanism: The Great Task of Reconstruction, Forrest A. Nabors shows that the ultimate goal of the Republican Party, the war, and Reconstruction was the same. This goal was to preserve and advance republicanism as the American founders understood it, against its natural, existential enemy: oligarchy. The principle of natural equality justified American republicanism and required abolition and equal citizenship. Likewise, slavery and discrimination on the basis of color stand on the competing moral foundation of oligarchy, the principle of natural inequality, which requires ranks.
The effect of slavery and the division of the nation into two "opposite systems of civilization" are causally linked. Charles Devens, a lawyer who served as a general in the Union Army, and his contemporaries understood that slavery's existence transformed the character of political society.
One of those dramatic effects was the increased power of slaveowners over those who did not have slaves. When the slave state constitutions enumerated slaves in apportioning representation using the federal three-fifths ratio or by other formulae, intra-state sections where slaves were concentrated would receive a substantial grant of political power for slave ownership. In contrast, low slave-owning sections of the state would lose political representation and political influence over the state. This contributed to the non-slaveholders' loss of political liberty in the slave states and provided a direct means by which the slaveholders acquired and maintained their rule over non-slaveholders.
This book presents a shared analysis of the slave South, synthesized from the writings and speeches of the Republicans who served in the Thirty-Eighth, Thirty-Ninth or Fortieth Congress from 1863-1869. The account draws from their writings and speeches dated before, during, and after their service in Congress. Nabors shows how the Republican majority, charged with the responsibility of reconstructing the South, understood the South.
Republicans in Congress were generally united around the fundamental problem and goal of Reconstruction. They regarded their work in the same way as they regarded the work of the American founders. Both they and the founders were engaged in regime change, from monarchy in the one case, and from oligarchy in the other, to republicanism. The insurrectionary states' governments had to be reconstructed at their foundations, from oligarchic to republican. The sharp differences within Congress pertained to how to achieve that higher goal.
About the Author :
Forrest A. Nabors is an Assistant Professor of Political Science in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Alaska-Anchorage, and teaches American Government. He also teaches Entrepreneurship in the College of Business and Public Policy, and is a founding partner of Alyeska Venture Management, which places and manages investments in early stage Alaska businesses. He is a frequent political commentator in the Alaskan media, and has lectured on government and assisted the development of new business ventures in Central and Eastern Europe.
Nabors earned his doctorate in Political Science at the University of Oregon. He received his undergraduate education in Political Science and Classics at Claremont McKenna College and the University of Chicago. Between his undergraduate and graduate education, he was a business executive in high technology in Portland, Oregon. In business he received a patent as lead inventor for an internet-based bidding process, was the first employee of Learning.com, and was an early advocate for infusing online technology in education.
Forrest Nabors is a member of the American Political Science Association. He held the Lehrman American Studies Summer Institute Fellowship, in conjunction with the James Madison Program at Princeton University, in 2011. Nabors was ranked "Best Professor" by graduating political science majors in 2011-12 and again in 2012-13. He received the Faculty Appreciation Award in 2016 from the University of Alaska-Anchorage.
A native of Monmouth County, New Jersey, Nabors first learned American government and the historical lore of the Northeast at a young age from his grandmother. He and graduated from Rumson-Fair Haven Regional High School in Rumson, New Jersey. Since growing up on the Jersey Shore, Nabors has enjoyed an active life outdoors, which he has continued in his adopted home state, Alaska.
Review :
"It is a masterpiece, and it is going to have an immense impact."―Ricochet.com
"Oligarchy is un-American, and Nabors has done us all a service by explaining why."―Washington Monthly "Nabors provides a fresh and thorough analysis of America's founding documents, exploring the historical link between the American founders and mid-nineteenth-century congressional Republicans and highlighting their shared belief in the preeminence of republicanism and defending it at all cost. This book is an essential read for anyone interested in American History. It is especially relevant to the study of Civil War-era history, as it provides a holistic understanding of slavery, the political compromises that provoked the war, and the Republicans' political objective of regime change. Overall, a well-researched, informative, and persuasive book that is well deserving of the American Political Science Association's 2017 best book award for political thought."--Army History
"In this unique perspective on Reconstruction, the political scientist Forrest Nabors offers new insights on how the Republicans of the Civil War era drew upon their portrayal of the conflict between freedom and slavery as a struggle between republicanism and oligarchy to shape their program of Reconstruction."--James McPherson, George Henry Davis 1886 Professor of American History, Emeritus, Princeton University, author of The War That Forged a Nation: Why the Civil War Still Matters
"The first genuinely political, regime-centered, interpretation of the Civil War and Reconstruction since the generation which fought that war"--Will Morrisey Reviews
"Forrest Nabors has performed a tremendous service. Aided by Aristotelian regime analysis, he uncovers--or recovers--an understanding of 'the supreme cause' of the American Civil War. Delving deeply into original source material (especially the speeches and writings of the Republicans who served in the Reconstruction Congresses), Nabors establishes that the 'irrepressible conflict' should be understood, and was understood at the time, as a conflict between oligarchy and republicanism. This landmark contribution ought to reshape our understanding of the Civil War, the difficulties and failures of Reconstruction, and the Guarantee Clause of the Constitution. Nabors listens, philosophically, to historical actors, and thereby achieves a fuller understanding of the motive force behind the perversities of racism and white supremacy."--Diana J. Schaub, Professor of Political Science, Loyola University Maryland
"In this vibrantly provocative new book on Civil War and Reconstruction America, Dr. Nabors recaptures an understanding of the history and culture of the American South that is largely unfamiliar to Americans today -- and which will likely be disturbing to many -- Northerners and Southerners, alike. According to Nabors the key to understanding the antebellum South and the Civil War is not slavery per se, but the anti-republican ethos that permeated the beliefs, habits, and way of life of the Southern oligarchy and set them at odds with not only Northerners, but middle class, poor, and enslaved Southerners as well. Nabors' recounting and analysis of the crisis of the American house divided may remind Americans today of the dangers of a nation whose citizens are so radically and exigently divided amongst themselves."--Colleen A. Sheehan, author of The Mind of James Madison: The Legacy of Classical Republicanism
"This path-breaking, passionately argued study frames Reconstruction rightly for the first time since Reconstruction itself. Returning to what politicians North and South actually said and did, Forrest Nabors shows how the Confederacy masked a regime of oligarchy with such slogans as "States' Rights" and the "positive good" of slavery. He further shows how Reconstruction aimed to settle the Civil War by restoring the rebel states to the genuine republicanism they had espoused during the American Revolution and had pledged to honor in the Constitution's republican Guarantee Clause."--Will Morrisey, author of Self-Government, the American Theme: Presidents of the Founding and Civil War
"When I picked up Forrest Nabors' new book and started reading it, I could not put it down. It is a masterpiece--forceful, persuasive, and enlightening in the extreme. It is not only the best book ever written on Reconstruction, it will also transform everyone's understanding of the character of the Old South, the origins of the Republican Party, the path to secession, and the roots of Jim Crow. It will be the starting point for all future scholarship on these subjects. American history textbooks will have to be rewritten to take into account the lost and largely forgotten world that it illuminates - and scholars will discover just how much we could learn if we were willing to set aside the prejudices of our own time and reconsider past developments from the perspective of Aristotelian political science."--Paul Rahe, Professor of History, Hillsdale College, author of Republics Ancient and Modern: Classical Republicanism and the American Revolution
