Protective Relaying: Principles and Applications, Second Edition

Second Edition covers large and small utility systems as well as industrial and commercial systems; provides a completely new treatment of generator protection in compliance with the most recent governmental rules and regulations; supplies expanded information on symmetrical components; and more.

Table of Contents:
INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL PHILOSOPHIES Introduction and Definitions Typical Protective Relays and Relay Systems Typical Power Circuit Breakers Nomenclature and Device Numbers Typical Relay and Circuit Breaker Connections Basic Objectives of System Protection Factors Affecting the Protection System Classification of Relays Protective Relay Performance Principles of Relay Application Information for Application Bibliography FUNDAMENTAL UNITS: PER UNIT AND PERCENT VALUES Introduction Per Unit and Percent Definitions Advantages of Per Unit and Percent General Relations Between Circuit Quantities Base Quantities Per Unit and Percent Impedance Relations Per Unit and Percent Impedances of Transformer Units Changing Per Unit (Percent) Quantities to Different Bases Bibliography PHASORS AND POLARITY Introduction Phasors Circuit and Phasor Diagrams for a Balanced Three-Phase Power System Phasor and Phase Rotation Polarity Application of Polarity for Phase-Fault Directional Sensing Directional Sensing for Ground Faults: Voltage Polarization Directional Sensing for Ground Faults: Current Polarization Other Directional-Sensing Connections Summary SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS: A REVIEW Introduction and Background Positive-Sequence Set Nomenclature Convenience Negative-Sequence Set Zero-Sequence Set General Equations Sequence Independence Positive-Sequence Sources Sequence Networks Shunt Unbalance Sequence Network Interconnections Example: Fault Calculations on a Typical System Shown in Figure 4.16 Example: Fault Calculation for Autotransformers Example: Open-Phase Conductor Example: Open Phase Falling to Ground on One Side Series and Simultaneous Unbalances Overview Summary Bibliography Appendix 4.1: Short-Circuit MVA and Equivalent Impedance Appendix 4.2: Impedance and Sequence Connections for Transformer Banks Appendix 4.3: Sequence Phase Shifts Through Wye-Delta Transformer Banks RELAY INPUT SOURCES Introduction Equivalent Circuits of Current and Voltage Transformers Current Transformers for Protection Applications Current Transformer Performance on a Symmetrical AC Component Secondary Burdens During Faults CT Selection and Performance Evaluation for Phase Faults Performance Evaluation for Ground Relays Effect of Unenergized CTs on Performance Flux Summation Current Transformer Current Transformer Performance on the DC Component Summary: Current Transformer Performance Evaluation Current Transformer Residual Flux and Subsidence Transients Auxiliary Current Transformers in CT Secondary Circuits Voltage Transformers for Protective Applications Bibliography PROTECTION FUNDAMENTALS AND BASIC DESIGN PRINCIPLES Introduction The Differential Principle Overcurrent-Distance Protection and the Basic Protection Problem Backup Protection: Remote Versus Local Basic Design Principles Ground Distance Relays Solid-State Microprocessor Relays Summary Bibliography SYSTEM-GROUNDING PRINCIPLES Introduction Ungrounded Systems Transient Overvoltages Ground-Detection Methods for Ungrounded Systems High-Impedance-Grounding Systems System Grounding for Mine or Other Hazardous-Type Applications Low-Impedance Grounding Solid (Effective) Grounding Ferroresonance in Three-Phase Power Systems Safety Grounding Grounding Summary and Recommendations Bibliography GENERATOR PROTECTION: UTILITY AND NONUTILITY OWNED Introduction and Potential Problems Generator Connections and Typical Protection Stator Phase-Fault Protection for All Size Generators Unit Transformer Phase-Fault Differential Protection (87TG) Phase-Fault Backup Protection (51V) or (21) Negative-Sequence Current Backup Protection Stator Ground-Fault Protection Multiple Generator Units Connected Directly to a Transformer: Grounding and Protection Field Ground Protection (64) Generator Off-Line Protection Reduced of Lost Excitation Protection (40) Generator Protection for System Disturbances and Operational Hazards Synchronous Condenser Protection Generator-Tripping Systems Station Auxiliary Service System Protection Summary Bibliography TRANSFORMER, REACTOR, AND SHUNT CAPACITOR PROTECTION Transformers Factors Affecting Differential Protection Magnetizing Inrush Transformer Differential Relay Characteristics Application and Connection of Transformer Differential Relays Example: Differential Protection Connections for a Two-Winding Wye-Delta Transformer Bank Load Tap-Changing Transformers Example: Differential Protection Connections for Multiwinding Transformer Bank Application of Auxiliaries for Current Balancing Paralleling CTs in Differential Circuits Special Connections for Transformer Differential Relays Differential Protection for Three-Phase Banks of Single-Phase Transformer Units Ground (Zero-Sequence) Differential Protection for Transformers Equipment for Transfer Trip Systems Mechanical Fault Detection for Transformers Grounding Transformer Protection Ground Differential Protection with Directional Relays Protection of Regulating Transformers Transformer Overcurrent Protection Transformer Overload-Through-Fault-Withstand Standards Examples: Transformer Overcurrent Protection Transformer Thermal Protection Overvoltage on Transformers Summary: Typical Protection for Transformers Reactors Capacitors Bibliography BUS PROTECTION Introduction: Typical Bus Arrangements Single Breaker-Single Bus Single Buses Connected with Bus Tie Main and Transfer Buses with Single Breaker Single Breaker-Double Bus Double Breaker-Double Bus Ring Bus Breaker-and-a-Half Bus Transformer-Bus Combination General Summary of Buses Differential Protection for Buses Other Bus Differential Systems Ground-Fault Bus Protection Summary Bibliography MOTOR PROTECTION Introduction Potential Motor Hazards Motor Characteristics Involved in Protection Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit General Motor Protection Phase-Fault Protection Differential Protection Ground-Fault Protection Thermal and Locked-Rotor Protection Locked-Rotor Protection for Large Motors System Unbalance and Motors Unbalance and Phase Rotation Protection Undervoltage Protection Bus Transfer and Reclosing Repetitive Starts and Jogging Protection Multifunction Microprocessor Motor Protection Units Synchronous Motor Protection Summary: Typical Protection for Motors Bibliography LINE PROTECTION Classification of lines and Feeders Line Classifications for Protection Techniques and Equipment for Line Protection Coordination Fundamentals and General Setting Criteria Distribution Feeder, Radial Line Protection, and Coordination Example: Coordination for a Typical Distribution Feeder Independent Power Producer, DSGs, and Other Sources Connected for a Loop System Example: Coordination for a Loop System Instantaneous Trip Application for a Loop System Short-Line Applications Network and Spot Network Systems Distance Protection for Phase Faults Distance Relay Applications for Tapped and Multiterminal Lines Voltage Sources for Distance Relays Distance Relay Applications in Systems Protected by Inverse-Time-Overcurrent Relays Ground-Fault Protection for Lines Distance Protection for Ground Faults and Directional Overcurrent Comparison Fault Resistance and Relaying Directional Sensing for Ground-Overcurrent Relays Polarizing Problems with Autotransformers Voltage Polarization Limitations Dual Polarization for Ground Relaying Ground Directional Sensing with Negative Sequence Mutual Coupling and Ground Relaying Ground Distance Relaying with Mutual Induction Long EHV Series-Compensated Line Protection Backup: Remote, Local, and Breaker Failure Summary: Typical Protection for Lines Bibliography PILOT PROTECTION Introduction Pilot System Classifications Protection Channel Classifications Directional Comparison Blocking Pilot Systems Directional Comparison Unblocking Pilot System Directional Comparison Overreaching Transfer Trip Pilot System Directional Comparison Underreaching Transfer Trip Pilot Systems Phase Comparison: Pilot Wire Relaying-Wire Line Channels Phase Comparison: Audiotone on Fiber-Optic Channels Segregated Phase Comparison Pilot Systems Single-Pole-Selective-Pole Pilot Systems Directional Wave Comparison Systems Transfer Trip Systems Communication Channels for Protection Summary and General Evaluation of Pilot Systems Bibliography Appendix 1: Protection of Wire-Line Pilot Circuits STABILITY, RECLOSING, AND LOAD SHIELDING Introduction Electric Power and Power Transmission Steady-State Operation and Stability Transient Operation and Stability System Swings and Protection Out-of-Step Detection by Distance Relays Automatic Line Reclosing Distribution Feeder Reclosing Subtransmission and Transmission-Line Reclosing Reclosing on Lines with Transformers or Reactors Automatic Synchronizing Frequency Relaying for Load-Shedding-Load-Saving Frequency Relaying for Industrial Systems Bibliography PROBLEMS INDEX

Review :
Praise for the previous edition: "well written, technical, and includes bibliographies at the end of each chapter. To further illustrate the concepts that have been discussed, there are problems at the end of the text that have been developed over many years of actual experience. In addition to being a good reference book for technical libraries, engineers, and technicians, it is a very useful handbook for users, manufacturers and installers." ---Electrical/Electronics Engineer "demonstrates succinctly how to safeguard electric systems...useful for electrical protection engineers, power systems manufacturers and computer engineers." ---Electrical Review