On Universals: Constructing and Deconstructing Community(Commonalities)

Many on the Left have looked upon "universal" as a dirty word, one that signals liberalism's failure to recognize the masculinist and Eurocentric assumptions from which it proceeds. In rejecting universalism, we have learned to reorient politics around particulars, positionalities, identities, immanence, and multiple modernities. In this book, one of our most important political philosophers builds on these critiques of the tacit exclusions of Enlightenment thought, while at the same time working to rescue and reinvent what universal claims can offer for a revolutionary politics answerable to the common. In the contemporary quarrel of universals, Balibar shows, the stakes are no less than the future of our democracies. In dialogue with such philosophers as Alain Badiou, Judith Butler, and Jacques Rancière, he meticulously investigates the paradoxical processes by which the universal is constructed and deconstructed, instituted and challenged, in modern society. With critical rigor and keen historical insight, Balibar shows that every statement and institution of the universal—such as declarations of human rights—carry an exclusionary, particularizing principle within themselves and that every universalism immediately falls prey to countervailing universalisms. Always equivocal and plural, the universal is thus a persistent site of conflict within societies and within subjects themselves. And yet, Balibar suggests, the very conflict of the universal—constituted as an ever-unfolding performative contradiction—also provides the emancipatory force needed to reinvigorate and reimagine contemporary politics and philosophy. In conversation with a range of thinkers from Marx, Freud, and Benjamin through Foucault, Derrida, and Scott, Balibar shows the power that resides not in the adoption of a single universalism but in harnessing the energies made available by claims to universality in order to establish a common answerable to difference.

Table of Contents:
Preface: Equivocity of the Universal vii 1 Racism, Sexism, Universalism: A Reply to Joan Scott and Judith Butler 1 Racism and sexism: a single "community"? 5 The institution and discriminatory function of the universal 8 "Human essence," "normality," and "anthropological differences" 14 2 Constructions and Deconstructions of the Universal 19 First Lecture 19 Second Lecture 39 3 Sub Specie Universitatis: Speaking the Universal in Philosophy 59 Strategies of disjunction 65 Strategies of subsumption 69 Strategies of translation 75 4 On Universalism: In Dialogue with Alain Badiou 84 5 A New Quarrel 96 Anthropological differences and "human" subjectivity 97 The desire to know 103 Three aporias of universality 105 "Les langues se parlent" 115 Notes 121

About the Author :
Étienne Balibar (Author) Étienne Balibar is Professor Emeritus of Moral and Political Philosophy at Université de Paris X–Nanterre; Distinguished Professor of Humanities at the University of California, Irvine; and Visiting Professor of French at Columbia University. His many books include Citizen Subject (Fordham, 2016); Equaliberty (Duke, 2014); We, the People of Europe? (Princeton, 2003); The Philosophy of Marx (Verso, new ed. 2017); and two important coauthored books, Race, Nation, Class (with Immanuel Wallerstein, Verso, 1988) and Reading Capital (with Louis Althusser and others, Verso, new ed. 2016). Joshua David Jordan (Translator) Joshua David Jordan translates twentieth- and twenty-first-century French prose and poetry. A specialist in the work of Henri Michaux, he teaches French literature and language at Fordham University. In 2015, he received a French Voices Award for his translation of David Lapoujade's Aberrant Movements: The Philosophy of Gilles Deleuze.

Review :
In this penetrating book, Étienne Balibar reopens afresh the quarrel of universals from a philosophical anthropology perspective, but rather than answers, he offers the aporias of the universe as a multiversum and of recognition of multiplicity as a condition for political unity. Delving eclectically into Western philosophy, his reflection illuminates contemporary debates about racism, xenophobia and even speciesism.---Didier Fassin, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton Balibar's book is a truly illuminating demonstration of social and political philosophy... -- "Philosophy Today"