Contagious: Cultures, Carriers, and the Outbreak Narrative(A John Hope Franklin Center Book)

How should we understand the fear and fascination elicited by accounts of communicable disease outbreaks that proliferated, following the emergence of HIV, in scientific publications and the mainstream media? The repetition of particular characters, images, and story lines--of Patients Zero and superspreaders, hot zones and tenacious microbes--produced a formulaic narrative as they circulated through the media and were amplified in popular fiction and film. The "outbreak narrative" begins with the identification of an emerging infection, follows it through the global networks of contact and contagion, and ends with the epidemiological work that contains it. Priscilla Wald argues that we need to understand the appeal and persistence of the outbreak narrative because the stories we tell about disease emergence have consequences. As they disseminate information, they affect survival rates and contagion routes. They upset economies. They promote or mitigate the stigmatizing of individuals, groups, locales, behaviors, and lifestyles. Wald traces how changing ideas about disease emergence and social interaction coalesced in the outbreak narrative.She returns to the early years of microbiology--to the identification of microbes and "Typhoid Mary," the first known healthy human carrier of typhoid in the United States--to highlight the intertwined production of sociological theories of group formation ("social contagion") and medical theories of bacteriological infection at the turn of the twentieth century. Following the evolution of these ideas, Wald shows how they were affected by--or reflected in--the advent of virology, Cold War ideas about "alien" infiltration, science-fiction stories of brainwashing and body snatchers, and the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Contagious is a cautionary tale about how the stories we tell circumscribe our thinking about global health and human interactions as the world imagines--or refuses to imagine--the next Great Plague.

Table of Contents:
Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 1. Imagined Immunities: The Epidemiology of Belonging 29 2. The Healthy Carrier: "Typhoid Mary" and Social Being 68 3. Communicable Americanism: Social Contagion and Urban Spaces 114 4. Viral Cultures: Microbes and Politics in the Cold War 157 5. "The Columbus of AIDS": The Invention of "Patient Zero" 213 Epilogue 264 Notes 271 Works Cited 323 Index 353

About the Author :
Priscilla Wald is Professor of English at Duke University. She is the author of Constituting Americans: Cultural Anxiety and Narrative Form and the editor of the journal American Literature, both also published by Duke University Press.

Review :
"Contagious is a magnificent book, notable for its prose, its expansiveness, its courage, and its creativity."--Rita Charon, founder of the Program in Narrative Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center "Rippling across the span of the twentieth century, Priscilla Wald's book traces the trajectories of 'outbreak narratives,' stories about the spread and conquest of contagious diseases. With beautifully crafted prose, Wald shows how the scientific and fictional, social and microbial intermingle as outbreak narratives confront an essential paradox: that human connectedness both imperils and saves us. Contagious is essential reading for science studies, for the field of literature and medicine, and indeed for anyone interested in the social, discursive, and cultural implications of epidemiology."--N. Katherine Hayles, University of California, Los Angeles "Priscilla Wald stunningly demonstrates how epidemics are forms of cultural autobiography, telescoping stories of outbreak and contagion that are reflected in our myths, symbols, archetypes, and social networks. Beautifully written and passionately argued, Contagious is required reading for those interested in learning how our diseases shape the ways we think about ourselves and our relationships and how our desires to be close to other people overlap with our anxieties about being infected by them."--Jonathan Michel Metzl, author of Prozac on the Couch: Prescribing Gender in the Era of Wonder Drugs "Wald argues passionately for a concerted re-examination of the way in which Americans construct the stories they tell about disease emergence, given the impact that these narratives often have on response to global disease...The scope of Wald's efforts is impressive, both in terms of timescale and interdisciplinary exploration, as is the scrutinizing gaze she brings to her task. She combines a focus on works of popular journalism and science reporting with a keen reading of specialist journals, and merges these with a careful examination of popular works of fiction and film...Wald brings an analytical ability of surgical precision, carefully guiding the reader through layers of meanings which she teases from her source texts...a richly detailed exploration...Wald has made a substantial contribution in terms of uniting theoretical insights from such fields as mythology, literature, and film studies, and applying them to the history of infectious disease epidemiology. In doing so, she makes a strong case for the importance of both the cultural critic and of interdisciplinary thinking in the preparation for future outbreaks of global disease."-Richard McKay, Medical History, April 2009