Markets of Dispossession: NGOs, Economic Development, and the State in Cairo(Politics, History, and Culture)

What happens when the market tries to help the poor? In many parts of the world today, neo-liberal development programs are offering ordinary people the tools of free enterprise as the means to well-being and empowerment. Schemes to transform the poor into small-scale entrepreneurs promise them the benefits of the market and access to the rewards of globalization. Markets of Dispossession is a theoretically sophisticated and sobering account of the consequences of these initiatives. Julia Elyachar studied the efforts of bankers, social scientists, NGO members, development workers, and state officials to turn the craftsmen and unemployed youth of Cairo into the vanguard of a new market society based on micro-enterprise. She considers these efforts in relation to the alternative notions of economic success held by craftsmen in Cairo, in which short-term financial profit was not highly valued. Through her careful ethnography of workshop life, Elyachar explains how the traditional market practices of craftsmen were among the most vibrant modes of market life in Egypt.Long condemned as backward, these existing market practices were seized on by social scientists and development institutions as the raw materials for experiments in "free market" expansion. Elyachar argues that the new economic value accorded to the cultural resources and social networks of the poor fueled a broader process of their economic, social, and cultural dispossession. Julia Elyachar is a Research Fellow at the Institute of Anthropological and Spatial Studies in the Scientific Research Centre of the Slovene Academy of Sciences and Arts in Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Table of Contents:
Acknowledgments ix A Note on Transliteration xv 1. Introduction: The Power of Invisible Hands 1 2. A Home for Markets: Two Neighborhoods in Plan and Practice, 1905–1996 37 3. Mappings of Power: Informal Economy and Hybrid States 66 4. Mastery, Power, and Model Workshop Markets 96 5. Value, the Evil Eye, and Economic Subjectivities 137 6. NGO's, Business, and Social Capital 167 7. Empowering Debt 191 Conclusion: The Free Market and the Invisible Spectator 213 Notes 221 Bibliography 245 Index 269

About the Author :
Julia Elyachar is Associate Professor of Anthropology, University of California, Irvine.

Review :
"Markets of Dispossession is a brilliant study of contemporary forms of market ideology and practice. Exploring central questions about value and social resources, debt and dispossession, culture and power, it offers an original and outstanding contribution to the anthropological analysis of the economic."--Timothy Mitchell, author of Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno-Politics, Modernity "Ethnographically rich and analytically powerful, Markets of Dispossession fundamentally reshapes the debate over the informal economy, microenterprise, and economic development and points to the complex and many-layered world-conjuring work of that which we have come to call neoliberalism. Based on evocative accounts of craftsmen's workshops in Cairo, Julia Elyachar shows how the market expansion promoted by the World Bank, NGOs, and others poses critical challenges to both everyday lives and contemporary social analysis."--Bill Maurer, author of Mutual Life, Limited: Islamic Banking, Alternative Currencies, Lateral Reason "Markets of Dispossession is an important contribution to the study of development, informal economy, and neoliberalism in Europe. Elyachar's treatment of these intricate subjects is intellectually stimulating and compelling."--ANthropological Notebooks, XII/1, 2006 "[A] masterful description and sophisticated interpretation of the transformation of the social, cultural, and political economy of urban Egypt since the early 1990s... Elyachar has written a book that is essential reading for anyone concerned with development, Egypt and the Arab World, and the dangers of ideologically motivated interference by foreign social scientists and other experts in local economies and societies."--Donald (Abdallah) Cole, American Ethnologist "Markets of Dispossession is an engaging book from the first page. It embodies keen academic analysis with a humanistic touch."--Heidi Morrison, Digest of Middle East Studies "[A] hard-hitting, iconoclastic, and deeply engaged work of scholarship." --Jeremy Rayner, European Journal of Sociology (forthcoming) "Julia Elyachar's ethnography...offers a refreshingly critical and historically situated account of microloans and the neopopulist ideologies that have swept the international development industry...Markets of Dispossession should interest anthropologists, historians, sociologists, and geographers concerned with post-socialism, development, urban studies, and the Middle East." --Marina Welker, Comparative Studies in Society and History (forthcoming)