The Slaves Who Defeated Napoleon: Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian War of Independence, 1801-1804(Atlantic Crossings Series)

To a contemporary audience, Haiti brings to mind Voodoo spells, Tontons Macoutes, and boat people - nothing worth fighting over. Two centuries ago, however, Haiti, then known as Saint-Domingue, was the “Pearl of the Antilles,” France's most valuable overseas colony, the largest exporter of tropical products in the world, and the United States' second most important trading partner after England. Haiti was also the place where in 1801-1802 Napoléon Bonaparte sent the largest colonial venture of his reign: the Leclerc expedition. His goal was to remove the famous revolutionary Toussaint Louverture from office and, possibly, restore slavery. But within two years, the remnants of Bonaparte’s once-proud army were evacuated in defeated, and Haiti declared its independence. This forgotten yet momentous conflict, in which lives were consumed by the thousands, is this book’s main focus. In this ambitious monograph, Philippe Girard employs the latest tools of the historian’s craft, multi-archival research in particular, and applies them to the climactic yet poorly understood last years of the Haitian Revolution. Haiti lost most of its archives to neglect and theft, but a substantial number of documents survive in French, U.S., British, and Spanish collections, both public and private. In all, The Slaves Who Defeated Napoleon relies on contemporary military, commercial, and administrative sources drawn from nineteen archives and research libraries on both sides of the Atlantic. Due to its extensive archival basis, the book corrects the many factual inaccuracies that have plagued previous accounts. It also offers a more rounded view of the Haitian Revolution, going beyond mere military minutia to include the activities of U.S. merchants; the in-fighting within the French government; the diplomacy between both the French and revolutionaries with the United States, England, and Spain; and the lives of the maroons, women, and children caught up in the revolutionary struggle. This multidimensional work tells not only of barefoot black soldiers ambushing Bonaparte’s columns, but also of Rochambeau’s mixed-race mistresses, French child drummers, Jewish bankers in Kingston, weapon smugglers from Quaker Philadelphia, Polish artillerists, and African-born maroons struggling to preserve their freedom against both white and black opponents. Equally groundbreaking is the book’s willingness to move beyond tidy ideological and racial categories to depict an Atlantic society at the crossroads of African and European influences, where Haitian rebels fought France while embracing its ideals. In the process, the reader is introduced to the extraordinary lives of multifaceted characters such as Wladyslaw Jablonowski, the son of a Polish woman and a black father who died fighting for France and white supremacy.

Table of Contents:
List of Illustrations Acknowledgments Introduction 1. The Black NapolÉon: Louverture and the 1801 Constitution 2. The White Toussaint: Bonaparte's Decision to Invade Saint-Domingue 3. Eve of a Battle: Planning the Leclerc Expedition 4. King of the Tropics: The Atlantic Crossing and the Moyse Uprising 5. Parley: The French Landing 6. Supply and Demand: Leclerc's Diplomacy with the United States, Cuba, and Jamaica 7. Ash and Iron: The Spring Campaign 8. Lull: Love, Loot, Labor, and Louverture's Exile 9. Mal de Siam: The Yellow Fever Epidemic 10. Faux Pas: The Maroon Uprising 11. Revolt: The Defection of the Colonial Army 12. Reprieve: Rochambeau and the French Counteroffensive 13. Unity Is Strength: Dessalines and the Unification of the Rebel Army 14. Echoes of Saint-Domingue: Louverture's Captivity and the Louisiana Purchase 15. New Enemy, New Partner: The British Navy at War 00 16. Sodom and Gomorrah: Life in Besieged French Towns 17. Resolution: The Rebel Victory 18. Liberty and Death: Haitian Independence 19. The Long Way Home: French Refugees and the Fall of Santo Domingo Conclusion Notes Glossary of French and Kreyol Terms Bibliographic Essay Index

About the Author :
Philippe R. Girard is an associate professor and head of the Department of History at McNeese State University, USA. He is the author of Clinton in Haiti: The 1994 U.S. Invasion of Haiti and Haiti: The Tumultuous History - From Pearl of the Caribbean to Broken Nation.

Review :
This fast-paced narrative is an excellent modern treatment that offers a welcome micro-examination of the day-to-day events that turned Toussaint Louverture from a loyal French governor into a formidable independence leader. Essential."—CHOICE “It is readable and lively, and details an important and little-studied episode that had important implications for the long-term success of Napoleon and on the territorial expansion of the United States.” —Stewart R. King, author of Blue Coal or Powdered Wig: Free People of Color in PreRevolutionary Saint Domingue and editor of Encyclopedia of Free Blacks and People of Color in the Americas “This is an well-researched and important contribution to the study of the Haitian Revolution. Girard has drawn together a wide range of archival materials, as well as thoroughly mining printed primary sources, to present a richly detailed account of the war of independence.” —Laurent R. Dubois, author Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution