Essentials of Orthodontics: Diagnosis and Treatment

Essential Orthodontics: Diagnosis and Treatment is designed to help dental students, orthodontic residents, and general dentists understand the basic concepts and procedures essential to the diagnosis, treatment planning, and treatment of patients who have relatively simple malocclusion problems. The authors explain the steps of diagnosing basic orthodontic problems and analyzing dental radiographs and include many of the forms and charts dentists use for examination, diagnosis, and appliance design. Readers will learn about the mechanics of how appliances move teeth, the different types of appliances, and the orthodontic materials on the market. The authors also explain and demonstrate through color photos how to take dental impressions, create plaster casts, how to create the various fixed and removable appliances, and how to write a laboratory prescription for each appliance. A needed text for the dental student, it is also an excellent resource for dentists wanting to expand their services.

Table of Contents:
Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv Introduction xvii Chapter 1 Orthodontic Diagnosis and Treatment Planning 3 Normal and Ideal Occlusion 3 Normal Occlusion in the Primary Dentition 4 Centric Occlusion and Centric Relation 5 Angle Classification of Malocclusion 6 Angle Class I Malocclusion 6 Class I Malocclusions in the Primary and Mixed Dentitions 7 Angle Class II Division 1 Malocclusion 7 Angle Class II Division 2 Malocclusion 8 Class II Malocclusions in the Primary and Mixed Dentitions 8 End-to-End Occlusion 8 Angle Class III Malocclusion 9 Class III Malocclusions in Primary and Mixed Dentitions 9 Super Class I Malocclusions 9 Super Class II and Super Class III Malocclusions 9 Subdivision Malocclusions 9 Class II Subdivision Malocclusions 9 Class III Subdivision Malocclusions 9 Class II-III Subdivision Malocclusions 10 Incisor Dental Compensations in Class II and Class III Malocclusions 10 Iowa Notation System for Angle Classification 10 Rules for Assigning Angle Classification 10 Rating the Severity of a Malocclusion 11 Orthodontic Records 11 Clinical Examination 12 Summary of Findings, Problem List, and Diagnosis 16 Consultation with Patient and/or Parent 17 Chapter 2 Dental Impressions and Study Cast Trimming 19 Study Casts 19 Digital Casts 19 Alginate Impressions 20 Mandibular Impression 20 Maxillary Impression 21 Record of Centric Occlusion 21 Pouring of Plaster Study Casts 22 Study Cast Trimming 22 Chapter 3 Dental Cast Analysis in Adults 33 Tooth Size–Arch Length Analysis 33 Measurement of Tooth Size and Arch Length 33 Factors Influencing a Tooth Size–Arch Length Analysis 34 Curve of Spee 34 Incisor Inclination and Anteroposterior Position 36 Second and Third Molar Evaluation 36 Comparison of TSALD Analysis and the Irregularity Index 37 Arch Width Measurements 37 Diagnostic Setup 38 Bolton Analysis 38 Overbite and Overjet Measurements 40 Mandibular Crowding 42 Tooth Widths in Normal Occlusion 42 Chapter 4 Dental Cast Analysis in the Mixed Dentition 43 Tooth Size–Arch Length Analysis 43 Prediction of the Widths of Nonerupted Canines and Premolars 44 Radiographic Enlargement of Nonerupted Canines and Premolars 45 Revised Hixon-Oldfather Prediction Method 45 Iowa Prediction Method for Both Arches 48 Upper Arch 48 Lower Arch 48 Standard Error of Estimate 48 Radiograph Image Problems 53 Proportional Equation Prediction Method 53 Tanaka and Johnston Prediction Method 54 Measurement of Arch Lengths on Casts 54 Measurement Instruments and Guidelines 55 Factors that Influence a Mixed-Dentition Arch Length Analysis 55 Interpretation of a Mixed- Dentition Arch Length Analysis 55 Chapter 5 Radiographic Analysis 57 Periapical Survey 57 Panoramic Radiograph 57 Occlusal Radiographs 61 Cone Beam Radiographs 62 Lateral Cephalometric Radiographs 64 Anatomic Landmarks 65 Cephalometric Landmarks 65 Cephalometric Point Locations 66 Cephalometric Planes 67 Cephalometric Angles and Distances 68 Skeletal Angles and Distances 68 Dental Angles 69 Distances of Incisors to Anterior Vertical Lines 69 Cephalometric Norms and Treatment Goals 71 Lateral Cephalometric Tracing 71 Posteroanterior Cephalometric Radiograph 72 Analog versus Digital Radiography 73 Chapter 6 Lingual and Palatal Arches 75 Incisor Liability and Leeway Space 75 Passive Lower Lingual Holding Arch 75 Prevalence of Incisor Crowding 76 Premature Loss of a Primary Molar 77 Asymmetric Loss of a Primary Canine 78 Nance Holding Arch 79 Trans-palatal Arch 82 Insertion of a Passive Lingual or Palatal Arch 83 Fixed-Removable Lingual and Palatal Arches 84 Undesirable Side Effects of Passive and Active Lingual and Palatal Arches 86 Laboratory Prescription and Construction of a Lower Loop Lingual Arch 87 Failure of a Lower Lingual Arch 92 Chapter 7 Management of Anterior Crossbites 95 Prevalence of Anterior Crossbite Malocclusions 95 Angle Classification 96 Centric Relation to Centric Occlusion Functional Shift on Closure 96 Overbite 96 Adequate Arch Length 96 Inclination of Maxillary Incisor Roots 97 Rotation of Tooth in Crossbite 97 Number of Teeth in Crossbite 97 Alignment of Lower Anterior Teeth 97 Treatment of Anterior Crossbites with Removable Appliances 97 Treatment of Anterior Crossbites with Fixed Appliances 102 Construction of a Removable Maxillary Appliance to Close a Diastema and Correct a Lateral Incisor in Crossbite 104 Chapter 8 Management of Posterior Crossbites 113 Definition of Posterior Crossbite 113 Prevalence of Posterior Crossbite Malocclusions 113 Angle Classification 114 Intermolar Width Measurements 114 Age of Patient 114 Buccolingual Inclination of the Posterior Teeth 114 Etiology of Bilateral and Unilateral Posterior Crossbites 115 Vertical Dimension 116 Treatment of Posterior Crossbites 116 Correction of Posterior Crossbites with Removable Appliances 116 Correction of Posterior Crossbites with Fixed Expander Appliances 123 Chapter 9 Management of Incisor Diastemas 135 Prevalence of Maxillary Diastemas 135 Etiologic Factors to Consider 135 Size of Teeth and Bolton Analysis 136 Arch Size 137 Maxillary Labial Frenum 137 Rotated Incisors 138 Thumb-Sucking Habit 138 Angle Classifi cation 139 Management with Appliances 139 Treatment of a Diastema with a Removable Loop Spring Appliance 139 Treatment of a Diastema with a Finger Spring Removable Appliance 141 Treatment of a Diastema Caused by a Thumb Habit 143 Treatment of a Diastema with the Edgewise Fixed Appliance 144 Chapter 10 Molar Uprighting and Space Regaining 151 Introduction 151 Ectopic Eruption of Permanent First Molars 151 Uprighting Molars in the Mixed Dentition 153 Ectopic Eruption of Upper First Molars 153 Ectopic Eruption and Tipping of Lower First Molars 158 Mesial Tipping of Permanent Molars after Loss of a First Molar 162 Prevention of Molar Tipping after Loss of a First Molar 164 Impaction of Second Molars 164 Loss of Both First and Second Molars 165 T-Loop Uprighting Spring and Edgewise Fixed Appliance 165 Forces Generated by the T-Loop Uprighting Spring 167 Patient Treated with a T-Loop Uprighting Spring 168 Helical Uprighting Spring 169 Forces Generated by the Helical Uprighting Spring 171 Patient Treated with a Helical Uprighting Spring 171 Other Appliances Used to Upright Molars 172 Repositioning of Teeth Prior to Prosthetic Restoration 172 Chapter 11 Orthodontic Examination and Decision Making for the Family Dentist 177 Introduction 177 Orthodontic Screening 178 Guidelines for Orthodontic Decision Making 179 Problems 180 Pretreatment Records 180 Patient 1 181 Patient 2 182 Patient 3 184 Patient 4 186 Patient 5 187 Patient 6 189 Patient 7 190 Patient 8 192 Patient 9 193 Treatment Records 195 Patient 1 195 Patient 2 196 Patient 3 198 Patient 4 200 Patient 5 202 Patient 6 204 Patient 7 206 Patient 8 208 Patient 9 210 Chapter 12 How Orthodontic Appliances Move Teeth 213 Introduction 213 Biomechanics 216 Newton’s First Law 218 Newton’s Second Law 219 Keys to Understanding the Delivery of Orthodontic Forces 219 General Displacements of Rigid Bodies: Euler and Chasles 221 Limitations of Illustrating Three-Dimensional Tooth Movements in Two- Dimensional Figures 221 Translation of a Tooth in the Edgewise Fixed Appliance 222 How a Tooth Is Translated in the Edgewise Fixed Appliance 222 Rotation of a Tooth in the Edgewise Fixed Appliance 225 Newton’s Third Law 226 Chapter 13 The Edgewise Fixed Appliance 229 Introduction 229 The Edgewise Appliance 229 Arch Wires 230 Bands 231 Separators 231 Fitting a Band 231 Cementing a Band 231 Band Cements 232 Removal of Bands 232 Bonding of Brackets 232 Anatomic Considerations 233 The Straight Wire Appliance™ 234 Bracket and Molar Tube Placement 234 Direct and Indirect Bonding 236 Removal of Brackets and Bonded Attachments from Teeth 236 Arch Form 236 Chapter 14 Retention Appliances 239 Introduction 239 Fixed Retainers and Tooth Positioners 239 Invisible Retainers 243 Essix Retainers 249 Basic Retainer Design 251 Wire-Bending Skills 252 Maxillary Labial Bow Bending 254 Ball Clasp 267 C-Clasp 271 Adams Clasp 271 ReSta Clasp 285 Mandibular Labial Bow 294 Acrylicing Retainers 301 Acrylic Finishing and Polishing 307 Chapter 15 Orthodontic Materials 317 Introduction 317 Orthodontic Wires 317 Stainless Steel Wires 317 Sensitization 317 Cold Working 318 Recovery Heat Treatment 319 Annealing 319 Cobalt-Chromium-Nickel Wires 319 Beta-Titanium Wires 320 Nickel-Titanium Wires 320 Physical Properties of Orthodontic Wires 320 Wire Sizes 322 Electric Welding 323 Flame Soldering 324 Electric Soldering 324 Index 327

About the Author :
Robert N. Staley, D.D.S., M.A., M.S., is a professor in the Orthodontic Department at the University of Iowa College of Dentistry, where he has been on faculty since 1970. He is a diplomate of the American Board of Orthodontics, and among his many awards he received the Student Research Group Mentor of the Year Award for 2003-2004. Dr. Staley has served as an editorial consultant for various peer-reviewed journals and sits on the editorial board for The Angle Orthodontist. Neil T. Reske, M.A., also from the University of Iowa College of Dentistry, teaches dental students, orthodontic residents, and pediatric dentistry residents the principles and techniques of laboratory appliance fabrication.

Review :
"This book is best suited for use by the undergraduate student but may have interest for the general dentist wishing to further their orthodontic knowledge. The treatment of simple malocclusions is emphasised which makes the book less suitable for the orthodontist or a postgraduate student, but the technical chapters would be of benefit to the training dental technician interested in the construction of orthodontic removable appliances." (Australian Orthodontic Journal, 2 November 2011)