Solaris 10 System Administration Exam Prep: CX-310-200, Part I

In This Book You’ll Learn How To: Install and configure the Solaris 10 operating environment on SPARC and x86/x64-based platforms Set up, manage, back up, and recover file systems Execute System Boot and Shutdown Procedures for SPARC and x86/x64-based systems Manage services using the Service Management Facility (SMF) Perform User and Security Administration Set up and manage printers and system processes Perform system backup and recovery operations   “Bill’s original Cert Prep guides were used throughout Sun’s service organization as the SEs studied for Certification. This was not mandated by Sun management but happened through word-of-mouth by those software engineers who had successfully passed the exam. In this new edition, Bill adds a chapter to explain the boot process (from POST to service initialization through SMF) on both SPARC and x86 systems. All chapters have been updated to reflect the Solaris 05/08 updates including detailed coverage of the x86 platform. This new guide is still the best source I know of to study for the exam.  —Brian Howard, Systems Engineer / Solaris Ambassador   WRITTEN BY A LEADING SOLARIS EXPERT! Bill Calkins is owner and president of Pyramid Consulting, a computer training and consulting firm specializing in the implementation and administration of open systems. He works as a consultant with Sun Microsystems and has contributed extensively to the Solaris certification program and simulation technology. He also owns www.unixed.com, a website that provides online UNIX training materials. Bill has more than 20 years of experience in UNIX system administration, consulting, and training at more than 250 different companies and government agencies and has authored several books on Solaris.   CD Features ExamGear Practice Questions! The CD features instant scoring, matching to objectives, instant answer feedback, plus more! 60 questions for a real exam experience! Flashcards with text from the book explain each question. Download additional practice questions from www.unixed.com! A free, bookmarked electronic copy of the book.   informit.com/examcram ISBN-13: 978-0-7897-3790-8 ISBN-10: 0-7897-3790-6  

Table of Contents:
Introduction................................................................................................................ 1     How This Book Helps You............................................................................... 2     Conventions Used in This Book....................................................................... 4     Audience....................................................................................................... 5     The Sun Certified System Administrator Exams................................................ 5     Exam CX-310-200.......................................................................................... 6         Manage File Systems......................................................................... 6         Install Software.................................................................................. 6         Perform System Boot Procedures........................................................ 6         Perform User and Security Administration............................................ 7         Manage Network Printers and System Processes................................. 7         Perform System Backups and Restores............................................... 7     Exam CX-310-203 (Solaris 10 Upgrade Exam).................................................. 7     Summary...................................................................................................... 8     Advice on Taking the Exam............................................................................. 8 Study and Exam Prep Tips........................................................................................ 11     Learning as a Process.................................................................................. 11     Study Tips................................................................................................... 12         Study Strategies.............................................................................. 12         Pretesting Yourself........................................................................... 13     Exam Prep Tips........................................................................................... 13         Putting It All Together....................................................................... 15 Part I: Exam Preparation chapter one Managing File Systems............................................................................................ 21     Introduction.................................................................................................. 26     Device Drivers.............................................................................................. 26     Physical Device Name.................................................................................. 27     Device Autoconfiguration............................................................................... 33     USB Devices................................................................................................ 35     Instance Names........................................................................................... 37     Major and Minor Device Numbers................................................................... 40     Logical Device Name.................................................................................... 42         Block and Raw Devices..................................................................... 46     A File System Defined.................................................................................. 48     Defining a Disk’s Geometry........................................................................... 48         Disk Controllers................................................................................ 49         Defect List....................................................................................... 49         Disk Labels...................................................................................... 50         Partition Tables................................................................................ 51     Solaris File System Types............................................................................ 52         Disk-Based File Systems.................................................................. 52         Network-Based File Systems............................................................ 52         Virtual File Systems......................................................................... 53     Disk Slices.................................................................................................. 54         Displaying Disk Configuration Information............................................ 56         Using the format Utility to Create Slices............................................... 58         The Free Hog Slice........................................................................... 66         Using the format Utility to Modify Partitions.......................................... 66         Using the Solaris Management Console Disks Tool............................. 69         Recovering Disk Partition Information.................................................. 74         Logical Volumes............................................................................... 75     Parts of a UFS ............................................................................................ 75     The Root (/) File System............................................................................... 78         Soft (Symbolic) Links........................................................................ 83         Hard Links....................................................................................... 85         Removing a Link............................................................................... 87     Components of the UFS ............................................................................... 87         The Boot Block................................................................................ 88         The Superblock................................................................................ 88         Cylinder Groups............................................................................... 89         The inode......................................................................................... 89         The Storage Block............................................................................ 90         Free Blocks..................................................................................... 90     Creating a UFS ........................................................................................... 90     Understanding Custom File System Parameters............................................. 92         Logical Block Size............................................................................ 93         Fragment Size................................................................................. 93         Minimum Free Space........................................................................ 94         Optimization Type............................................................................ 95         Number of inodes and Bytes per inode............................................... 95         The mkfs Command........................................................................... 95         The fstyp Command.......................................................................... 98     File System Operations................................................................................ 99         Synchronizing a File System............................................................. 99         Repairing File Systems................................................................... 100         The labelit Command........................................................................ 104         The volcopy Command..................................................................... 105     Tuning File Systems................................................................................... 106     Mounting File Systems............................................................................... 108         Mounting a File System with Large Files........................................... 113         Mounting a File System with UFS Logging Enabled........................... 114     Unmounting a File System.......................................................................... 114         The fuser Command........................................................................ 115         /etc/mnttab.......................................................................................... 116     Volume Management.................................................................................. 120         Using Volume Management............................................................. 128         Troubleshooting Volume Manager..................................................... 129         Displaying a File System’s Disk Space Usage.................................. 131         Displaying Directory Size Information................................................ 135     Information on File Systems........................................................................ 136         Controlling User Disk Space Usage.................................................. 138         The quot Command.......................................................................... 139     Summary................................................................................................... 141         Key Terms..................................................................................... 141         Exercises...................................................................................... 142         Exam Questions............................................................................. 147         Answers to Review Questions.......................................................... 163     Suggested Readings and Resources............................................................ 170 chapter two Installing the Solaris 10 Operating Environment......................................................... 171     Introduction................................................................................................ 174     Installing the Solaris 10 Software.................................................................. 174     Requirements and Preparation for Installing the Solaris 10 Software................ 175         Minimum System Requirements...................................................... 176     Software Terminology.................................................................................. 177         Software Packages......................................................................... 177         Software Groups............................................................................. 177         Solaris Media................................................................................. 179         System Configuration to Be Installed................................................ 179     Disk Storage.............................................................................................. 181         Basic Considerations for Planning Partition (Slice) Sizes.................... 183         Slice Arrangements on Multiple Disks.............................................. 184     Methods of Installing the Solaris 10 Software................................................. 185         Solaris Interactive Installation: Using the GUI..................................... 186         Solaris Interactive Installation: Using the CLI..................................... 186         JumpStart...................................................................................... 187         Custom JumpStart.......................................................................... 187         Solaris Live Upgrade....................................................................... 188         Solaris Flash Archives..................................................................... 189         WAN Boot..................................................................................... 190     Upgrading the Operating System.................................................................. 190     The Solaris Installation Prechecklist............................................................. 191         Secure by Default........................................................................... 194         Using the Interactive Installation Process (install-solaris) on a SPARC-Based System 195         Configuring Power Management....................................................... 224     Tools for Managing Software........................................................................ 225     Adding and Removing Software Packages..................................................... 226     Using a Spool Directory............................................................................... 227         Installing Software from the Command Line....................................... 229         Removing Software Using pkgrm........................................................ 229         Solaris Product Registry.................................................................. 230         Web Start Installer.......................................................................... 233     Listing and Verifying Installed Packages....................................................... 235     Software Patches....................................................................................... 237     Obtaining a Patch....................................................................................... 238         Installing a Patch............................................................................ 240         Removing a Patch........................................................................... 243     Patch Manager (smpatch).............................................................................. 244     Patch Tool................................................................................................. 249     General Guidelines..................................................................................... 251     Summary................................................................................................... 253         Key Terms..................................................................................... 253         Exercises...................................................................................... 254         Exam Questions............................................................................. 258         Answers to Exam Questions........................................................... 264         Suggested Readings and Resources................................................ 266 chapter three Performing System Boot and Shutdown Procedures for SPARC, x64-, and x86-Based Systems       267     Introduction................................................................................................ 272     Booting a SPARC System........................................................................... 272         Powering on the System................................................................. 273         The Boot PROM and Program Phases.............................................. 273     The OpenBoot Environment......................................................................... 274         Entry-Level to High-End Systems..................................................... 276         Accessing the OpenBoot Environment.............................................. 276         System Console............................................................................. 277         System Control Switch.................................................................... 277         OpenBoot Firmware Tasks.............................................................. 278     The OpenBoot Architecture.......................................................................... 279     The OpenBoot Interface............................................................................... 281     Getting Help in OpenBoot............................................................................ 281     PROM Device Tree (Full Device Pathnames)................................................. 283         OpenBoot Device Aliases................................................................ 287     OpenBoot NVRAM...................................................................................... 289         The nvedit Line Editor....................................................................... 296     OpenBoot Security..................................................................................... 298     OpenBoot Diagnostics................................................................................ 300         Input and Output Control.................................................................. 305     OpenBoot PROM Versions.......................................................................... 307     Booting a SPARC System........................................................................... 307         The boot Command.......................................................................... 309         The BIOS....................................................................................... 319         GRUB............................................................................................ 320         Configuring the Video Display on the x86/x64 Platform....................... 329     The Kernel................................................................................................. 331     The init Phase............................................................................................. 335         The Service Management Facility (SMF)........................................... 337         Using the Run Control Scripts to Stop or Start Services..................... 366     System Shutdown...................................................................................... 370         Commands to Shut Down the System.............................................. 371         Stopping the System for Recovery Purposes: SPARC........................ 375         Stopping the System for Recovery Purposes: x86/x64....................... 377         Turning Off the Power to the Hardware.............................................. 377     Summary................................................................................................... 378         Key Terms..................................................................................... 378         Exercises...................................................................................... 380         Exam Questions............................................................................. 384         Answers to Exam Questions........................................................... 392     Suggested Readings and Resources............................................................ 397 CHAPTER four User and Security Administration............................................................................. 399     Introduction................................................................................................ 402     Administering User Accounts....................................................................... 402         Managing User and Group Accounts with the SMC............................ 402         Managing User and Group Accounts from the Command Line............. 417     Setting Up Shell Initialization Files............................................................... 425         C Shell Initialization Files................................................................ 425         Bourne Shell Initialization Files........................................................ 426         Korn Shell Initialization Files............................................................ 426         Additional Shells Included with Solaris 10......................................... 426         Default Initialization Files................................................................. 427         Customizing User Initialization Files................................................. 428         The Home Directory........................................................................ 431         Projects......................................................................................... 432         Name Services............................................................................... 432     System Security......................................................................................... 433         Controlling Physical Security........................................................... 434         Controlling System Access............................................................. 434         Controlling File Access................................................................... 443     Access Control Lists (ACLs)........................................................................ 447         Setting ACL Entries........................................................................ 448         Checking the New File Permissions................................................. 450         Verifying ACL Entries...................................................................... 450         Copying a File’s ACL to Another File................................................ 450         Modifying ACL Entries on a File....................................................... 451         Deleting ACL Entries from a File...................................................... 451         Auditing Users................................................................................ 454         Controlling Network Security............................................................ 459         Securing Superuser Access............................................................ 466     The Secure Shell (ssh)................................................................................. 468     ASET 471     Common-Sense Security Techniques........................................................... 473     Summary................................................................................................... 474         Key Terms..................................................................................... 457         Exercises...................................................................................... 475         Exam Questions............................................................................. 480         Answers to Exam Questions........................................................... 489     Suggested Reading and Resources.............................................................. 492 CHAPTER five Managing System Processes.................................................................................. 493     Introduction................................................................................................ 496     Viewing a Process...................................................................................... 496         pgrep................................................................................................ 500         prstat................................................................................................ 502         mpstat............................................................................................... 506         ptree................................................................................................. 507         time.................................................................................................. 507         Process Manager........................................................................... 508         SMC Process Tool.......................................................................... 511         pargs................................................................................................ 512         svcs................................................................................................. 514     Process Types........................................................................................... 515     Using Signals............................................................................................. 517     Scheduling Processes................................................................................ 521     Scheduling Priorities................................................................................... 522         Changing the Priority of a Time-Sharing Process with nice................... 522         Changing the Scheduling Priority of Processes with priocntl................. 524         Fair Share Scheduler (FSS) and the Fixed Scheduler (FX).................. 525     Using the Solaris Batch-Processing Facility.................................................. 525         Configuring crontab........................................................................... 525         Scheduling a Single System Event (at).............................................. 528         Job Scheduler................................................................................ 531     Summary................................................................................................... 533         Key Terms..................................................................................... 533         Exercises...................................................................................... 534         Exam Questions............................................................................. 535         Answers to Exam Questions........................................................... 539     Suggested Reading and Resources.............................................................. 540 Chapter six Managing the LP Print Service................................................................................. 541     The Solaris OS Print Service (LP)................................................................. 544     The Solaris Print Service............................................................................. 544         LP Print Service Directories............................................................. 546         The Print Spooler............................................................................ 547         The LP Print Daemons.................................................................... 548     Setting Up the Printer Hardware................................................................... 550         Ethernet Connections...................................................................... 550         Parallel Connections....................................................................... 550         Serial Connections.......................................................................... 550         USB Connections........................................................................... 551     Setting Up a Network Printer ....................................................................... 551         BSD Versus SVR4 Printing Software................................................ 551         Print Servers Versus Print Clients.................................................... 553         Configuring Software for a Solaris Printer........................................... 554     Administering Printers................................................................................. 560         Deleting Printers and Managing Printer Access................................. 560         Creating Printer Classes.................................................................. 562         Checking Printer Status.................................................................. 564         Managing Printer Queues................................................................ 565         Restarting the Print Scheduler......................................................... 571         Setting a User’s Default Printer........................................................ 572         Modifying the Printer with Print Manager........................................... 572         Troubleshooting the Print Scheduler................................................. 574     Summary................................................................................................... 574         Key Terms..................................................................................... 575         Exercises...................................................................................... 576         Exam Questions............................................................................. 582         Answers to Exam Questions........................................................... 586     Suggested Reading and Resources.............................................................. 587 chapter Seven Performing System Backups and Restorations.......................................................... 589     Introduction................................................................................................ 592     Backup Media............................................................................................ 592         Tape Device Names........................................................................ 593     Solaris Backup and Restoration Utilities....................................................... 595         The tar Utility.................................................................................. 595         The dd Utility.................................................................................. 597         The cpio Utility................................................................................ 599         The pax Utility................................................................................. 603         The ufsdump Utility........................................................................... 606         The ufsrestore Utility......................................................................... 612         Recovering the Root (/) or /usr File System........................................ 618         Additional Notes About Restoring Files............................................. 622     Tape Drive Control....................................................................................... 623     The UFS Snapshot Utility.............................................................................. 624     zip and unzip.............................................................................................. 629     Solaris Flash Archive.................................................................................. 629     The jar Utility.............................................................................................. 631     Summary................................................................................................... 633         Key Terms..................................................................................... 634         Exercises...................................................................................... 635         Exam Questions............................................................................. 637         Answers to Exam Questions........................................................... 640     Suggested Readings and Resources............................................................ 641 Part II: Final Review Fast Facts............................................................................................................. 645     Managing File Systems............................................................................... 645         Devices and Drivers......................................................................... 646         Instance Names............................................................................. 647         File Systems.................................................................................. 647         Creating a UFS............................................................................... 650         Volume Management...................................................................... 651     Installing the Solaris 10 Operating Environment............................................. 651         Tools for Managing Software............................................................ 653         Software Patches........................................................................... 654     System Startup and Shutdown..................................................................... 655         OpenBoot Environment (SPARC Systems Only)................................ 656         The Kernel..................................................................................... 659         Commands to Shut Down the System.............................................. 661     User and Security Administration................................................................. 661         Shells and Initialization Files............................................................ 662         System Security............................................................................. 665         Protecting Data.............................................................................. 666         Access Control Lists (ACLs)............................................................ 667         Monitoring Users............................................................................ 668         Network Security............................................................................ 668         Restricting Root Access.................................................................. 669     Managing Processes.................................................................................. 669         Using the kill Command.................................................................... 670         Using the Solaris Batch-Processing Facility...................................... 671     Managing the LP Print Service..................................................................... 672         The LP Print Daemons.................................................................... 674     Performing System Backups and Restorations.............................................. 675 Practice Exam ...................................................................................................... 677     Practice Exam Questions............................................................................ 677 Answers to the Practice Exam ................................................................................ 685     Answers at a Glance to the Practice Exam................................................... 685 Part III: Appendix Appendix What’s on the CD-ROM .......................................................................................... 693     ExamGear, Exam Prep Edition ................................................................... 693 Glossary           695

About the Author :
Bill Calkins is a Sun Certified System Administrator for the Solaris operating environment. He is owner and president of Pyramid Consulting Inc., a computer training and consulting firm located near Grand Rapids, Michigan, specializing in the implementation and administration of Open Systems. He has more than 20 years of experience in Unix system administration, consulting, and training at more than 150 different companies. Bill has authored several Unix textbooks, which are currently best sellers and are used by universities and training organizations worldwide: *Solaris 2.6 Administrator Certification Training Guide Part I (New Riders Publishing, ISBN: 157870085X)*Solaris 2.6 Administrator Certification Training Guide Part II (New Riders Publishing, ISBN: 1578700868)*Solaris 7 Administrator Certification Training Guide: Parts I and II (New Riders Publishing, ISBN: 1578702496)*Solaris 8 Training Guide (CX-310-011 and CX-310-012): System Administrator (New Riders Publishing, ISBN: 1578702593)*Inside Solaris 9 (New Riders Publishing, ISBN: 0735711011). Solaris 9 Training Guide (CX-310-014 and CX-310-015): System Administrator (New Riders Publishing, ISBN: 0789729229)*Solaris 10 System Administration -- First Edition (Que, ISBN: 0789734613) Bill has worked with Sun Press and Prentice Hall as a technical editor and a major contributor to many of their Solaris titles. Bill's professional interests include consulting, writing, teaching, traveling, and developing Web-based training materials. Bill works as a consultant with the certification group at Sun Microsystems and assists with the development of the Solaris 10 SCSA, SCNA, and SCSECA certification exams. Bill also consults with Sun Microsystems Professional Services and assists in the development of Solaris training and testing materials for the education division at Sun Microsystems. Bill works as an instructor in government, corporate and university settings, and has helped thousands of administrators get their certification. Recently he was recognized by the United States Central Command (CENTCOM) as the "technical trainer of choice for the joint war fighting community." His experience covers all varieties of Unix, including Solaris, HP-UX, AIX, IRIX, and Linux. When he's not working in the field, he writes Unix books and conducts training and educational seminars on various system administration topics. He draws on his many years of experience in system administration and training to provide a unique approach to Unix