Hazard-Resilient Infrastructure: Analysis and Design(Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice)

Sponsored by the Infrastructure Resilience Division of ASCEA large portion of the world's population, infrastructure, and wealth is concentrated in locations prone to natural disasters such as earthquakes, droughts, floods, and storms, so infrastructure resilience and sustainability as system characteristics are necessary for societal endurance and survival. Enhancing infrastructure at the element, system, network, and community levels will lead not only to massive savings and conservation of resources through efficiencies but also through risk reduction to life, property, and environment, and expeditious recovery in case of natural disasters. Hazard-Resilient Infrastructure: Analysis and Design, MOP 144, provides guidance and an underlying framework for creating consistency across hazards, systems, and sectors in the design of new infrastructure systems. The book also discusses enhancing the resilience of existing systems and relates this framework to the economics associated with system lifecycle, including organizational and socioeconomic considerations. This MOP uses probabilistic methods for risk analysis and management of infrastructure projects to address uncertainties within a planning horizon timeframe effectively. This approach includes identifying and analyzing hazards, system failures, associated probabilities and consequences including direct and indirect losses, failure and recovery profiles quantification of resilience, effects on communities, economics of resilience, and technologies for enhancing resilience for new, as well as existing infrastructure. Examples and cases studies are also included. Engineers, planners, researchers, and other community stakeholders will benefit from this manual as they make assessment, and planning and design decisions related to all types of hazards and infrastructure.

Table of Contents:
Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Needs and Significance 1 1.2. Objective and Scope 2 1.3. Infrastructure Systems and Hazards 2 1.4. Structure of the Manual of Practice 5 1.5. Topics Warranting Additional Analysis 6 1.5.1. Dependencies and Interdependencies 6 1.5.2. Non-stationary Hazards and Adaptive Design Concepts 7 1.5.3. Infrastructure Resilience and Sustainability 7 1.6. Uses and Users 9 1.7. Data and Knowledge Sources 9 1.8. References 10 Chapter 2. A Methodology for Assessing Hazard-Resilience of Infrastructure 1 2.1. Introduction 1 2.2. Infrastructure and Lifeline Systems 3 2.3. Overall Methodology 4 2.3.1. Context Definition 5 2.3.2. Hazard Identification and Characterization 8 2.3.3. Failure Probability Estimation and Fragility Curves 9 2.3.4. Resilience Assessment 10 2.3.5. Exposure and Loss Analysis 10 2.3.6. Economic Valuation and Loss Accumulation 12 2.3.7. Risk Quantification as Loss Exceedance Rates or Probabilities 13 2.3.8. Extremes and Uncertainty Analysis 14 2.3.9. Resilience Engineering and Design 15 2.3.10. Lifecycle Analysis 15 2.3.11. Risk-Informed Decision Making for Resilience Engineering 16 2.3.12. Community Socio-Economics 16 2.4. Performance Targets of Infrastructure Systems 18 2.5. Information and Data Sources 18 2.6. Examples and Applications: Transportation Infrastructure 18 2.6.1. Introduction 18 2.6.2. Background and Methodology 19 2.6.3. System Assessment 21 2.6.3.1. Infrastructure Resilience Dimensions 21 2.6.3.2. Transportation System Functionality 21 2.6.3.3. System Service Provision and Operability 23 2.6.3.4. Continuity of Service Temporarily Lost 24 2.6.3.5. Social and Economic Activity 24 2.6.3.6. Community 26 2.6.4. Governance and Management 26 2.6.4.1. Community Performance Targets 27 2.6.4.2. Infrastructure System Performance Targets 27 2.6.4.3. Feedback 27 2.6.4.4. Economics and Resilience 28 2.6.4.5. Regional, Social and Economic Loss 28 2.6.5. Observations and Conclusions 28 2.7. References 28 Chapter 3. Resilience Assessment Methods 1 3.1. Background: Uncertainty and Risk 2 3.2. Resilience Assessment and Quantification Scope: Models and Methods 3 3.3. Fundamental Models for Quantifying Resilience 5 3.3.1. Resilience-Triangle Model 5 3.3.2. Availability-based Resilience Model 7 3.3.3. Simplified Resilience Model 10 3.4. Resilience Assessment of a Single System or Facility 11 3.4.1. Selected Methods for a Single System or Facility 11 3.4.2. Assessment Examples of a Single System or Facility 12 3.4.2.1. Operational Resilience of a Medical City 12 3.4.2.2. Accident Resilience of Existing Nuclear Power Plants 18 3.5. System Resilience Assessment Methods 20 3.5.1. Analytical Considerations 20 3.5.2. Infrastructure Resilience Analysis Method (IRAM) 20 3.5.2.1. Working Definition of Resilience 21 3.5.2.2. Quantification and Metrics 21 3.5.2.3. Resilience Capacities 23 3.5.2.4. Assessment Process 24 3.5.3. A Case Study: Freight Railroads 26 3.5.3.1. State Analysis Objectives and Define System 26 3.5.3.2. Specify the Scenario 27 3.5.3.3. Select Performance Measures 28 3.5.3.4. Obtain Data 29 3.5.3.5. Quantify and Perform Metric Calculations 30 3.5.3.6. Analyze Resilience Capacities 31 3.5.4. Observations and Limitations 31 3.6. System of Systems Assessment Methods 32 3.6.1. Distinguishing Attributes of Systems of Systems 32 3.6.2. Taxonomy for Resilience Assessment 34 3.6.3. Method for SoS Resilience Assessment 35 3.6.3.1. Definition Phase 36 3.6.3.2. Abstraction Phase 36 3.6.3.3. Implementation Phase 37 3.6.4. Model-based Exploratory Analysis 37 3.6.5. Examples of SoS Resilience Assessment 38 3.7. Infrastructure Network Topological Vulnerability and Resilience Methods 42 3.7.1. Terminology 42 3.7.2. Methods for Quantifying Network Resilience 43 3.7.2.1. Defining Network Topology 44 3.7.2.2. Analyzing Network Topology 45 3.7.2.3. Assessing Unweighted and Weighted Networks 46 3.7.2.4. Assessing Vulnerability and Robustness 46 3.7.2.5. Evaluating Resilience Metric for a Network 47 3.7.3. Resilience of a Metro Network as an Example 49 3.7.4. Recovery Strategies of Networked Infrastructure 55 3.7.4.1. Physical Recovery Modeling 55 3.7.4.2. Service Recovery Modeling 56 3.7.4.3. Resilience Quantification for Recovery Purposes 57 3.7.4.4. Regional Recovery Optimization 58 3.7.4.5. Resilience-informed Infrastructure Recovery Example 58 3.8. References 61 Chapter 4. Resilience Economics and Risk Management 1 4.1. Planning Horizon and Discount Rates 1 4.2. Standard Approaches for Evaluating Investments 2 4.2.1. Benefit-Cost Analysis Using Net Present Value 5 4.2.2. Life-Cycle Cost Analysis 7 4.2.3. Savings-to-Investment Ratio 8 4.2.4. Internal Rate of Return 9 4.2.5. Decision Trees and Real Options 10 4.2.6. Sensitivity Analysis with Monte Carlo Techniques 12 4.3. Cost Considerations 14 4.4. Expected Loss Considerations 14 4.4.1. Empirical methods 15 4.4.2. Input-Output (IO) and Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) methods 15 4.5. Optimization 17 4.5.1. A Portfolio Approach for Decision Making 17 4.5.2. Example: Economic Burden Model of Hazards 19 4.6. References 20 Chapter 5. Designing for Resilience 1 5.1. Introduction 1 5.2 Design Bases and Principles 2 5.3 Design Steps 6 5.4. Case Studies 7 5.4.1. Existing Building near the U.S. Gulf Coast – Flood Hazard 7 5.4.2. Mid-rise Building, Boston, MA – Flood Hazard 13 5.4.3. High-rise Building, San Francisco, CA – Seismic Hazard 20 5.5. Summary 23 5.6. References 23 Chapter 6. Community Socio-economics 1 6.1. Motivating Factors and Benefits 1 6.2. Socio-economic Needs and Metrics 3 6.3. Case Studies 11 6.3.1. Simplified Hypothetical Case Study: Urban Train Station in Anywhere, USA 11 6.3.2. Real Case Study: New York's Response to Hurricane Sandy 13 6.3.3. Real Case Study: City of Trees, City Re-Leaf Project, Manchester, UK 15 6.3.4. Real Case Study: Comprehensive Urban Resilience Masterplan for the City of Beirut, Lebanon 18 6.3. References 21 Chapter 7. Emerging Resilience-Enabling Technologies 1 7.1. Introduction 1 7.2. Advanced and Smart Materials 2 7.2.1. Multi-functional Fiber and Polymer Composites 2 7.2.2. Textile Reinforced Composites 4 7.2.3. Super Elastic Materials 6 7.2.4. Self-Healing Materials 7 7.2.5. Bio-inspired Materials 8 7.3. Advanced Construction Technology 10 7.3.1. Building Information Modeling (BIM) 11 7.3.2. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 12 7.3.3. 3-D Printing 14 7.4. Advanced Sensing Technology 16 7.4.1. Fiber Optic Sensors 17 7.4.2. Digital Image Sensing 19 7.4.3. LiDAR 20 7.4.4. Wireless Sensor Network 21 7.4.5. Satellite Images 22 7.4.6. Augmented Reality 22 7.4.7. Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) 23 7.5. Field Implementation of Emerging Technologies 24 7.6. References 28 Appendix A. Terminology