A Cognitive Theory of Magic: (Cognitive Science of Religion)

Magic is a universal phenomenon. Everywhere we look people perform ritual actions in which desirable qualities are transferred by means of physical contact and objects or persons are manipulated by things of their likeness. In this book Sørensen embraces a cognitive perspective in order to investigate this long-established but controversial topic. Following a critique of the traditional approaches to magic, and basing his claims on classical ethnographic cases, the author explains magic's universality by examining a number of recurrent cognitive processes underlying its different manifestations. He focuses on how power is infused into the ritual practice; how representations of contagion and similarity can be used to connect otherwise distinct objects in order to manipulate one by the other; and how the performance of ritual prompts representations of magical actions as effective. Bringing these features together, the author proposes a cognitive theory of how people can represent magical rituals as purposeful actions and how ritual actions are integrated into more complex representations of events. This explanation, in turn, yields new insights into the constitutive role of magic in the formation of institutionalised religious ritual.

Table of Contents:
Part 1 Figures Part 2 Tables Part 3 Introduction Part 4 Magic in the History of the Social Sciences Part 5 The Cognitive Foundation of Magical Action Part 6 Magical Rituals and Conceptual Blending Part 7 Transformation and Manipulation: A Typology of Magical Actions Part 8 Frames of Ritual Action: Causation, Diagnosis and Prognosis Part 9 Ritual Purpose and the Relation Between Magic, Culture and Religion Part 10 References

About the Author :
Jesper Sørensen, Ph.D. is Associate Professor in Comparative Religion, Institute of Philosophy, Pedagogic, and the Study of Religion, University of Southern Denmark, and International Fellow at the Institute of Cognition and Culture, Queen's University Belfast. He is the author of numerous other works and articles in the fields cognitive and evolutionary underpinning of religious phenomena, method and theory in the study of religion, and Western Esotericism.

Review :
Sorensen's discussion conveys a mastery of cognitive theory and is meticulously presented….A Cognitive Theory of Magic makes important contributions to our understanding of magic….it contains many potential hooks that could connect it to theories of perception and deception to make a yet broader and richer theory of magic. Sorensen perhaps supplies the most ardent attempt to bridge the social science theories of magic, ritual, and belief foundational to the academic study of religion with more recent theories of cognition. ... Sorensen’s cognitive approach. . . offers an additional avenue through which one can merge cognitive science with social scientific and humanities theories of religion. In this fine and erudite work, Jesper Sørensen wrestles with the problem of how cognitive theories can provide novel and fascinating insights about the cross-cultural aspects of magic. It demonstrates how a theoretically informed understanding of the general processes of human cognition leads to some surprising and exciting discoveries not only about the widespread phenomenon of magical thought, but also about how the human mind works in the presence of puzzling behavior that escapes the net of common sense conjectures. Sørensen is an able representative of the next generation of cognitive scientists who have thrown caution to the winds in their search of explanations of religious, ritual and magical acts. Sørensen not only just provides us with a magisterial survey of issues and theories, from child development to adult psychology to cultural anthropology and the history of religions; he also offers a novel, synthetic view of magical thinking in terms of mental spaces and their transformations. This is the most thorough investigation to date into the workings of magic. How does magic come to mind? What are its cognitive fundamentals? This inspiring and subtle book, which deals with the psychological architecture of ritual action, applies new methods of cognitive science to age-old and fundamental questions. The result is an original theory of magic and of the representation of ritual purpose and meaning.