GENETICS NOTEBOOK

Table of Contents:
Introduction Chapter 1: Cells and Cell Division 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Cells Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells 1.3 Mitosis 1.4 Meiosis Nondisjunction 1.5 Chromosomes and Genetics Chapter 2: Mendelian Genetics 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Simple Mendelian Genetics Gamete and Genotype Formation Mendelian Crosses 2.3 Chi Square Goodness of Fit The Hypothesis Expression of the Hypothesis for the Experiment The Experiment The Data 2.4 An Example Results of the Chi Square Test Chapter 3: Pedigrees 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Determining Probabilities in Pedigrees 3.3 Some Pedigree Problems Chapter 4: Partial Dominance, Codominance, and Epissis 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Genetic Notation 4.3 Partial Dominance Lethal Genes 4.4 Codominance 4.5 Epistasis Agouti vs. Albino Example Epistasis: A Worked Example Another Epistasis Problem 4.6 Goodness of Fit with Epistasis 4.7 Problems Chapter 5: Sex Chromosomes and Sex Linkage 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Sex Detern1ination 5.3 Examples of Sex Determination Drosophila Mammals 5.4 Dosage Compensation in Mammals 5.5 X-Linked Traits Simple Crosses 5.6 Some Pedigree Rules Chapter 6: Linkage and Recombination 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Two-Point Cross 6.3 Probabilities from a Three Point Cross 6.4 Construction of a Linkage Map from Test Cross Data 6.5 Mapping Function 6.6 Linkage Problems Chapter 7: Quantitative Genetics 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Models of Phenotypic Expression 7.3 Heritability What Heritability Is Not Thought Questions 7.4 General Concepts about Heritability 7.5 Truncation Selection (Mass Selection) Chapter 8: Population Genetics 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Hardy-Weinberg Populations Testing for Hardy-Weinberg Ratios 8.3 Some Population Genetics Problems 8.4 When H-W Assumptions Are Not Valid Viability Selection Migration (Mainland-Island Model) Mutation Nonrandom Mating Small Population Size 8.5 Example of a Complex System 8.6 Sex Linked Traits Chapter 9: Chromosome Mutations 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Numerical Mutations Euploid Aneuploid Aneuploidy--Examples 9.3 Structural Mutations Deletions and Duplications Inversions Translocations Transpositions Fusions and Fissions 9.4 Chromosome Structure Mutations and Evolution 9.5 Mutation Rates Chapter 10: Overview of Molecular Genetics 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The Central Dogma Replication Transcription Translation Non-Normal Processes 10.3 Differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes 10.4 Beadle and Tatum 10.5 A Reminder about Chemical Bonds Covalent Bonds (-50 ~ -100 kca1/mole) Hydrogen Bonds (-6 --1 kcal/mole) Ionic Bonds (-80 crystal, -10 solution kcal/mole) Van der Waals Bonds <-1 kcal/mole) Hydrophobic Interactions A Reminder about pH Chapter 11: Enzymes and Proteins 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Metabolic Pathways Enzymes Biochemical Pathway Protein Structure Chapter 12: DNA Structure and Analysis 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Early Experiments Griffith (1927) Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty (1944) Hershey and Chase (1952) Chargaff (1949) Franklin (1953) Watson and Crick (1953) 12.3 Components of DNA Nitrogenous Base deOxyribose Phosphate 12.4 The Nucleoside 12.5 The Nucleotide 12.6 DNA Double Stranded Molecule Features of the DNA Molecule Chapter 13: DNA Replication 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Meselson and Stahl (1958) 13.3 Replication in Prokaryotes Basic Reaction DNA Dependent DNA Polymerase Leading and Lagging Strands 13.4 Eukaryotic DNA Synthesis Chapter 14: Transcription and RNA Processing 14.1 Introduction Arrangement of Genes Varieties of RNA 14.2 Overview of Transcription and Translation 14.3 Transcription Sequence of Events for Transcription in Prokaryotes 14.4 Differences in Transcription for Eukaryotes RNA Polymerase II mRNA, and snRNA RNA Polymerase III and Small RNAs RNA Polymerase I and rRNA 14.5 RNA Molecules and RNA Processing Processing the hnRNA Strand in Eukaryotes Chapter 15: Translation 15.1 Introduction 15.2 The Genetic Code and Translation of The Genetic Message Genetic Code The Ribosome Translation of the mRNA Strand-Prokaryotes Wobble Differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Systems Chapter 16: Prokaryotic Genetic Regulation 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Negative Control Inducible System Repressible System 16.3 Positive Control 16.4 Attenuation Transcription When Concentration of the Amino Acid Is Low Transcription When Concentration of the Amino Acid Is High Chapter 17: Eukaryotic Chromosome Structure and Extranuclear Inheritance 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Nucleosomes and DNA Packaging 17.3 Telomeres Structure Replication 17.4 Organelle Heredity 17.5 Mitochondria Structure Inheritance Molecular Details Examples of Mitochondrial Traits 17.6 Endosymbiont Theory of Evolution of Mitochondria 17.7 Mitochondrial Eve 17.8 Chloroplast Chapter 18: Eukaryotic Gene Structure 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Arrangement on the Chromosomes 18.3 Gene Families Pseudo Genes 18.4 Mobile Elements Replicative Transposons Nonrep1icative Transposons Conservative Transposons 18.5 DNA Splicing RNA Splicing 18.6 Amplification 18.7 Repetitive Sequences Satellites Mini-Satellites Micro-Satellites Interspersed Sequences Chapter 19: Eukaryotic Genetic Regulation 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Levels of Control of Gene Expression 19.3 Initiation of Transcription Regulation of Transcription 19.4 Transcript Processing Guanine Cap RNA Splicing Polyadenylation 19.5 Transport to the Cytoplasm 19.6 mRNA Stability 19.7 Translational Control 19.8 Posttranslational Regulation Chapter 20: Developmental Genetics 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Development and Differentiation 20.3 Cell Differentiation Differentiation of Flower Organ Identity 20.4 Early Animal Development Maternally Expressed Genes Gap Genes Pair-Rule Genes Segment-Polarity Genes Homeotic Genes Chapter 21: Mutations 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Classification of DNA Mutations Selective vs. Neutral Enzyme Function DNA Changes 21.3 Molecular Basis Tautomeric Shift Base Analogs Mutagenic Agents Intercalating Agents Thymine Dimmers--UV Light 21.4 Biological Repair Mechanisms DNA Polymerase Proofreading Thymine Dimmers Alkylating Agents Endonucleases Chapter 22: Cancer Genetics 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Examples 22.3 Cancer: A Genetic Perspective Regulation of Cell Division Signal Transduction Pathway Growth Regulation Proto-Oncogenes (Oncogenes) DNA Repair Genes Viral Mediated Cancer 22.4 Environmental Component Chapter 23: Bacterial Recombination 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Plasmids 23.3 Conjugation The F-Plasmid Conjugation with Hfr Interrupted Mating Conjugation Mapping Conjugation Mapping, an Example 23.4 Transformation 23.5 Transduction Generalized Transduction Specialized Transduction 23.6 Summary 23.7 Problems Chapter 24: Biotechnology 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Restriction Endonuclease 24.3 Blots 24.4 Cloning and Cloning Vectors Bacterial Cloning Vectors Eukaryotic Cloning Vectors 24.5 Libraries Genomic Library cDNA 24.6 DNA Sequencing 24.7 PCR--Polymerase Chain Reaction 24.8 VNTR--Variable Number of Tandem Repeats 24.9 Examples of VNTR Analysis A Case of Paternity A Case of Rape 24.10 SNP 24.11 FISH Chapter 25: Behavior Genetics 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Mental Traits 25.3 Choice 25.4 Analysis Single Gene Effects Comparative Studies Selection Experiments Chromosomal Abnormalities Chapter 26: Ethics and Genetics 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Framing the Discussion Autonomy Doing Good (Beneficence) Justice Truth (Veracity) Keeping Promises (Fidelity) 26.3 Ethical Decisions 26.4 Examples The right to knowWhose information is it? How to Study Genetics Introduction Hints