Phytochemicals as an Epigenetic Modifier in Cancer Prevention: (IOP ebooks)

This book is based on detailed coverage of the role of phytochemicals as a epigenetic modifier to prevent various cancers. It presents the novel features of phytochemicals and their role in preventing cancer by regulating DNA, RNA and protein levels. It also covers the role of various kinds of phytochemicals especially focused on vitamins, flavconoids, polyphenois and phytols in cancer prevention and treatment. It also deals with the discovery of novel biomarkers for cancer treatment that are enabled by phytochemical modulation of epigenetic activity, highlighting its promise as an alternative treatment approach in cancer. The major goal of this project is to summarise what we currently know about natural product active chemicals, including their pharmacologic activity and molecular markers. There are several books available on phytochemicals and cancer, but to date there is no such book reported which compiles the broad spectrum of applications of phytochemicals at epigenetic levels. This project is themed to combine, promote and lift the potentialities of dietary phytochemicals in cancer prevention and treatment and reduce the dependability on synthetic drugs which often cause many negative side effects. Key Features: * Details the role of various kinds of phytochemicals in cancer chemoprevention by specific targeting at the epigenetic level. Covers the role of phytochemicals in natural drug development against cancer. Presents epigenetic regulation, molecular signalling, and cancer development in detail. Unique coverage of phytochemicals based nanomedicine for cancer treatment. Offers coverage of the role of phytochemicals in preventing various molecular cancer pathways.

Table of Contents:
Preface Acknowledgments Editor biographies List of contributors 1 Phytochemicals and cancer: an overview Nidhi Puranik 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Hallmarks of cancer 1.3 Phytochemicals and cancer 1.3.1 Polyphenols 1.3.2 Alkaloids 1.3.3 Terpenoids 1.3.4 Organosulfur compounds (OSCs) 1.3.5 Nitrogen-containing compounds 1.4 Different mechanism of phytochemicals as an anti-cancerous agent 1.4.1 Anti-oxidants 1.4.2 Cell cycle inhibition 1.4.3 Autophagy 1.4.4 Necrosis and apoptosis 1.4.5 Epigenetic regulator 1.4.6 Anti-mutagenic 1.4.7 miRNA regulation 1.5 Purification of anti-cancer phytochemicals 1.6 Conclusion and future prospective Acknowledgments References 2 Vitamins: an emerging natural therapeutic drug to prevent cancer Anushri Sharma, Shiv Kumar Yadav and Nidhi Puranik 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Vitamins 2.3 Vitamins and cancer 2.3.1 Vitamin A and cancer 2.3.2 Vitamin B complex and cancer 2.3.3 Vitamin C and cancer 2.3.4 Vitamin D and cancer 2.3.5 Vitamin E and cancer 2.3.6 Vitamin K and cancer 2.4 Conclusion and future prospective References 3 Phytochemicals as an epigenetic modifier to prevent cancer Nidhi Puranik Abbreviations 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Epigenetics 3.2.1 DNA methylation 3.2.2 Histone modification 3.2.3 Non-coding RNAs 3.3 Oxidative stress and epigenetics 3.4 Phytochemicals 3.4.1 Polyphenols 3.4.2 Alkaloids 3.4.3 Terpenoids 3.4.4 Organosulfur compounds 3.5 Concluding remark and future prospective Acknowledgments References 4 Role of dietary natural food as a therapeutic drug to prevent lung cancer Sagarkumar Joshi and Nidhi Saxena 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Epigallocatechin gallate 4.2.1 Structure 4.2.2 Function 4.3 Isothiocyanates 4.3.1 Structure 4.3.2 Function 4.4 Indole-3-carbinol 4.4.1 Structure 4.4.2 Function 4.5 Genistein 4.5.1 Structure 4.5.2 Function 4.6 Curcumin 4.6.1 Structure 6.2 Function 4.7 Polyphenol from pomegranate 4.7.1 Structure 4.7.2 Function 4.8 Fisetin 4.8.1 Structure 4.8.2 Function 4.9 α-Carotene 4.9.1 Structure 4.9.2 Function 4.10 β-Carotene 4.10.1 Structure 4.10.2 Function 4.11 Lycopene 4.11.1 Structure 4.11.2 Function 4.12 Lutein 4.12.1 Structure 4.12.2 Function 4.13 β-Cryptoxanthin 4.13.1 Structure 4.13.2 Function 4.14 Astaxanthin 4.14.1 Structure 4.14.2 Function 4.15 Canthaxanthin 4.15.1 Structure 4.15.2 Function 4.16 Fucoxanthin 4.16.1 Structure 4.16.2 Function 4.17 Probiotics 4.17.1 Structure 4.17.2 Function 4.18 Carvone 4.18.1 Structure 4.18.2 Function 4.19 Alliin 4.19.1 Structure 4.19.2 Function 4.20 Shogaol 4.20.1 Structure 4.20.2 Function 4.21 Carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid 4.21.1 Structure 4.21.2 Function 4.22 Omega-3 4.22.1 Structure 4.22.2 Function 4.23 Vitamin A 4.23.1 Structure 4.23.2 Function 4.24 Vitamin B 4.24.1 Structure 4.24.2 Function 4.25 Vitamin D 4.25.1 Structure 4.25.2 Function 4.26 Vitamin E 4.26.1 Structure 4.26.2 Function 4.27 Vitamin C 4.27.1 Structure 4.27.2 Function 4.28 Micronutrients 4.29 Summary Acknowledgments References 5 Polyphenols and their metabolites: a molecular regulator at the epigenetic level in cancer protection Alibha Rawat, N Ganesh and Gresh Chander 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Polyphenols and their metabolites 5.3 Chemical structure of four classes of polyphenols 5.4 Food sources of polyphenols: 5.5 Medicinal properties of polyphenols 5.5.1 Polyphenols as a neurodegenerative modulatory agent 5.6 Anticancer properties of polyphenols 5.7 Epigenetic regulation of gene expression 5.7.1 DNA methylation mechanism 5.7.2 Histone modification 5.7.3 Non-coding RNA 5.8 Epigenetic modifications by polyphenols 5.9 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 6 Potential role of nutritional factors in lung cancer prevention and management Smarti Verma and Nidhi Puranik 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Malnutrition in patients with lung cancer 6.3 Nutrient’s role in lung cancer treatment 6.3.1 Role of probiotics/prebiotics in lung cancer 6.3.2 Role of vitamins and minerals in lung cancer 6.3.3 Role of protein and amino acids in lung cancer 6.3.4 Role of polyunsaturated fatty acids enriched diets in lung cancer 6.3.5 Role of fibers-enriched diet in lung cancer 6.3.6 Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant in lung cancer 6.4 Physical activity and lung cancer prevention 6.5 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 7 Plant flavonoids and cancer chemoprevention: their role in epigenetic regulations Neha Sharma, Pallavi Singh Chauhan and Rajesh Singh Tomar 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Epigenetics of cancer 7.2.1 Dietary flavonoids 7.2.2 Hormetic effects of dietary flavonoids 7.2.3 Damage of cellular DNA 7.3 Anticancerous agent: plant flavonoids 7.4 Current challenges 7.5 Conclusion and future prospects References 8 Targeting foremost molecular signaling pathways regulating tumor development with phytochemicals Nidhi Puranik, Dhananjay Yadav and Shiv Kumar Yadav Abbreviations 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Molecular signaling pathways and cancer 8.2.1 Fibroblast growth factor and receptor (FGFRs) 8.2.2 Notch signaling 8.2.3 The wingless-type (Wnt)/β-catenin signaling 8.2.4 BCL-2 family 8.2.5 Receptor tyrosine kinase family 8.2.6 Foxo family 8.2.7 PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway 8.2.8 CDK and CDK pathway 8.2.9 TLR4 signaling pathway 8.3 Reactive oxygen species and cancer 8.4 Phytochemicals 8.5 Phytochemicals-based regulation of cancer signaling pathway 8.5.1 Polyphenol 8.5.2 Alkaloids 8.5.3 Terpenoids 8.5.4 Organosulfur compound 8.5.5 Nitrogen-containing compounds 8.6 Conclusion and future prospective Acknowledgments References 9 Natural phytochemicals as anti-cancer agents: from past to present scenario Divya Bisht, Deena Prakash and Arvind Kumar Shakya 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Cancer treatment drugs and their limitations 9.3 Plants and their medicinal properties 9.3.1 History of plants as anti-cancer agents 9.3.2 Current contribution of phytochemicals in cancer treatment 9.3.3 Future possibilities of phytochemicals in cancer treatment 9.4 Discussion 9.5 Conclusion Abbreviations References 10 An overview of phytochemicals under clinical trials for various cancers Sumana Pal and Rohit Kumar Singh 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Herbal plants and their role in cancer prevention 10.2.1 Garlic (Allium sativum) 10.2.2 Camptotheca acuminata 10.2.3 Curcumin 10.2.4 Hibiscus sabdariffa 10.2.5 Viola tricolor 10.2.6 Resveratrol 10.2.7 Green tea 10.2.8 Panax ginseng 10.2.9 Rhus verniciflua 10.2.10 Viscum album 10.2.11 Isoflavones 10.2.12 Isothiocyanates 10.2.13 (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) 10.2.14 Capsaicin 10.2.15 Lycopene 10.2.16 Piperlongumine 10.2.17 Podophyllotoxins 10.2.18 Cabazitaxel 10.2.19 Genistein 10.3 Conclusion References 11 Screening of possible anti-cancer phytochemicals against cancer by structure-based docking studies Deena Prakash, Divya Bisht and Arvind Kumar Shakya 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Mechanism of cancer 11.2.1 Classification of cancer 11.2.2 Causes of cancer 11.2.3 P53 gene and protein 11.2.4 EGFR 11.2.5 COX proteins 11.2.6 JAK/STATs signaling pathways 11.3 Methodology 11.3.1 Ligand preparation 11.3.2 Preparation of protein structure 11.3.3 Active site prediction 11.3.4 Docking studies 11.4 Pharmacological potential of phytochemicals 11.5 Physicochemical/pharmacokinetics properties of phytochemicals 11.6 Docking analysis 11.7 Docking results and discussion 11.7.1 EGFR-HER2/3 and VEGFR 11.7.2 GLUT 4 11.7.3 NF-κβ 11.7.4 BRCA2, estrogen and progesterone receptor 11.7.5 Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 11.7.6 P53–MDM2 pathway 11.7.7 COX inhibition 11.7.8 Tyrosine kinases and human topoisomerase 11.8 Conclusion References 12 Modern approaches to study the effects of phytochemicals on cellular epigenome Rahul Kumar, Pankaj Keshari, Yashaswee Mishra and Ajay Kumar Sharma 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Methods in epigenome profiling 12.2.1 Direct methods 12.2.2 Indirect methods 12.2.3 Integrative approach 12.3 Conclusion References 13 Advancement in phytochemical delivery systems for improved anti-cancer activity Pramod Kumar Singh and B Rai 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Mechanism of action of phytochemicals 13.2.1 Effects of detoxifying carcinogens 13.2.2 Regulation of different cell death pathways 13.2.3 Targeting angiogenesis by phytochemicals 13.2.4 Synergistic effects of phytochemicals in combinations with classical antineoplastic agents 13.3 Delivery systems for enhanced bioavailability of phytochemicals 13.3.1 Solubility 13.3.2 Bioavailability 13.3.3 Stability 13.3.4 Release 13.4 Delivery systems of phytochemicals 13.4.1 Lipid-based delivery systems 13.4.2 Vesicular systems 13.4.3 Liposomes 13.4.4 Transfersomes, ethosomes, phytosomes, and niosomes 13.4.5 Non-vesicular systems 13.4.6 Solid lipid nanoparticles 13.4.7 Nanostructured lipid carriers 13.4.8 Protein-based delivery systems 13.4.9 Systems for delivering carbohydrates References 14 Potential role of nanophytochemicals in breast cancer therapy Amit Sonkar and Priyanka Sonkar 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Breast cancer 14.2.1 Epidemiology 14.2.2 Risk factors 14.3 Phytochemicals 14.3.1 Carotenoids 14.3.2 Phenolic acids 14.3.3 Flavonoids 14.3.4 Alkaloids 14.3.5 Organosulfur compounds 14.4 Phytochemicals and their role in breast cancer prevention 14.5 Enhancing phytochemicals formulations for breast cancer prevention through nanotechnology 14.5.1 Nano-curcumin 14.5.2 Nano-resveratrol 14.5.3 Nano-epigallocatechin-3-gallate 14.5.4 Nano-quercetin 14.5.5 Nano-genistein 14.5.6 Nano-lycopene 14.5.7 Nano-capsaicin 14.6 Conclusion Conflict of interest Abbreviations References

About the Author :
Dr. Nidhi Puranik is a Research Assistant Professor in the Department of Life Science at Yeungnam University in Gyeongsan, South Korea. She did her Ph.D. at Defence Research & Development Establishment-DRDO (Research Center) and her degree was awarded from Bharathair University, Coimbatore, TamilNadu, India. She has been awarded the prestigious GATE, CSIR-NET, ICAR-NET, DRDO Junior research fellowship, MPCST Young Scientist award, MPCST Young Scientist training fellowship (National), and Young Investigator award (International, South Korea). She has published over 40 research articles with high citation scores and one edited books with IOP and one Indian patent. Dr. Deepa Yadav, PhD, is a post-doctoral fellow in the Department of Zoology, Jiwaji University in India. Her primary research interest is in the assessment and identification of biomolecules from native plant species using a variety of modern techniques. She has been awarded two major Young Scientific Awards, including the 39th Gold Medal from the Society of Toxicology, India. Professor Sangeeta Shukla, PhD, is Vice-Chancellor, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Uttar Pradesh, India. She has over 35 years of teaching and research experience in Toxicology and Pharmacology, Cancer prevention and Metabolism of Drugs. Dr. Shukla has published over 250 referred journal papers, with an h-index of 56. She has been awarded Teacher of the Year by the Times of India. In addition, over 55 doctoral candidates have been mentored by her.