Liquids and Solids: (Student Physics Series)

In this volume the author gives an account of the essential properties of liquids and solids, with particular emphasis on their response to applied forces. Their behaviour is examined both on the large scale, i.e. in terms of quantities that are measured in the laboratory and from the atomic standpoint, and an attempt is made to show how the bulk properties, such as elastic and plastic deformation, viscosity and surface effects, may be related to what the constituent particles are doing, that is to the properties of a large assembly of strongly interacting particles. There is a final chapter on high polymers and liquid crystals. The material covered is at a level appropriate to a first degree course in physics but the book should also be of relevance to engineering and materials science students. The book is amply illustrated and includes worked examples and exercises (with answers) for the student. This book should be of interest to second year undergraduate students taking courses in physics, engineering and mathematics.

Table of Contents:
1 Condensed phases.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 The three phases of matter.- 1.3 Intermolecular forces.- 1.4 Solids.- 1.5 Liquids.- 2 The elastic properties of matter.- 2.1 Forces and equilibrium in a finite body.- 2.2 Elasticity.- 2.3 Stress.- 2.4 Strain.- 2.5 Infinitesimal strain.- 2.6 The relationship between stress and strain.- 2.7 Moduli of elasticity.- 2.8 The theorem of superposition.- 2.9 The linear, isotropic, elastic solid.- 2.10 Elastic moduli and intermolecular forces.- 2.11 Strain energy.- 2.12 The torsion of a right circular cylinder.- 2.13 Elastic limit and yield stress.- 2.14 The elasticity of liquids.- 3 The deformation and fracture of simple crystals.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Plastic deformation.- 3.3 Plastic deformation by slip.- 3.4 The theoretical critical resolved shear stress.- 3.5 Dislocations.- 3.6 The critical resolved shear stress and work hardening.- 3.7 Brittle fracture.- 3.8 The theoretical brittle strength.- 3.9 Ductile fracture.- 3.10 The plastic deformationof brittle solids.- 4 The liquid phase.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 The tensile strength of liquids.- 4.3 Liquid flow.- 4.4 Coefficient of viscosity.- 4.5 Critical velocity.- 4.6 Fluidity and solidity.- 4.7 Models of simple liquids.- 4.8 Melting.- 4.9 Liquid helium.- 4.10 The two-fluid model of HeII.- 5 Ideal liquids.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Some large-scale properties of liquids.- 5.3 Real and ideal liquids.- 5.4 The acceleration of a liquid particle.- 5.5 Euler’s equations of motion.- 5.6 The equation of continuity.- 5.7 Solutions of Euler’s equations.- 5.8 Applications of the Bernoulli equation.- 5.9 Irrotational flow.- 5.10 The stream function.- 5.11 Circulation and vorticity.- 5.12 The Navier-Stokes equation.- 6 The slow viscous flow of liquids.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Creeping viscous flow in a semi-infinite channel.- 6.3 Poiseuille flow in tubes of circular cross-section.- 6.4 Motion of a Newtonian liquid between two coaxial cylinders.- 6.5 Bodies in liquids.- 6.6 Liquid flow and intermolecular forces.- 6.7 Non-Newtonian liquids.- 6.8 Viscometers.- 7 Surface effects.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Excess surface free energy and surface tension of liquids.- 7.3 The total surface energy of liquids.- 7.4 Surface tension and intermolecular forces.- 7.5 Solid surfaces.- 7.6 Specific surface free energy and the intermolecular potential.- 7.7 Liquid surfaces and the Laplace-Young equation.- 7.8 liquid spreading.- 7.9 Young’s relation.- 7.10 Capillary effects.- 7.11 The sessile drop.- 7.12 Vapour pressure and liquid-surface curvature.- 7.13 The measurement of surface free energies.- 8 High polymers and liquid crystals.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 High polymers.- 8.3 The mechanisms of polymerisation.- 8.4 The size and shape of polymer molecules.- 8.5 The structure of solid polymers.- 8.6 The glass transition temperature.- 8.7 Young’s modulus of solid polymers.- 8.8 Stress-strain curves of polymers.- 8.9 Viscous flow in polymers.- 8.10 liquid crystals.- Appendix 1 Exercises.- Appendix 2 Answers to exercises.