The Aryan Jesus: Christian Theologians and the Bible in Nazi Germany

Was Jesus a Nazi? During the Third Reich, German Protestant theologians, motivated by racism and tapping into traditional Christian anti-Semitism, redefined Jesus as an Aryan and Christianity as a religion at war with Judaism. In 1939, these theologians established the Institute for the Study and Eradication of Jewish Influence on German Religious Life. In "The Aryan Jesus", Susannah Heschel shows that during the Third Reich, the Institute became the most important propaganda organ of German Protestantism, exerting a widespread influence and producing a nazified Christianity that placed anti-Semitism at its theological center.Based on years of archival research, "The Aryan Jesus" examines the membership and activities of this controversial theological organization. With headquarters in Eisenach, the Institute sponsored propaganda conferences throughout the Nazi Reich and published books defaming Judaism, including a dejudaized version of the New Testament and a catechism proclaiming Jesus as the savior of the Aryans. Institute members - professors of theology, bishops, and pastors - viewed their efforts as a vital support for Hitler's war against the Jews. Heschel looks in particular at Walter Grundmann, the Institute's director and a professor of the New Testament at the University of Jena. Grundmann and his colleagues formed a community of like-minded Nazi Christians who remained active and continued to support each other in Germany's postwar years. "The Aryan Jesus" raises vital questions about Christianity's recent past and the ambivalent place of Judaism in Christian thought.

Table of Contents:
List of Illustrations ix A Note on Archival Sources xi Acknowledgments xiii List of Abbreviations xvii INTRODUCTION: Theology and Race 1 CHAPTER I: Draining Jesus of Jewishness 26 CHAPTER II: The Institute for the Study and Eradication of Jewish Infl uence on German Church Life, 1939 to 1942 67 CHAPTER III: Projects of the Institute 106 CHAPTER IV: The Making of Nazi Theologians 166 CHAPTER V: The Faculty of Theology at the University of Jena 201 CHAPTER VI: The Postwar Years 242 CONCLUSION: Crucifi ed or Resurrected: Institute Theology in Postwar Germany 279 Bibliography 291 Illustration Permissions 327 Index 329 Scriptural Citations Index 339

About the Author :
Susannah Heschel is the Eli Black Professor of Jewish Studies at Dartmouth College. She is the author of "Abraham Geiger and the Jewish Jesus" and the editor of "Moral Grandeur and Spiritual Audacity: Essays of Abraham Joshua Heschel".

Review :
Heschel has a remarkable story to tell. Her reliance on primary sources and her objectivity are impressive. One comes away from her account wondering how such apparently intelligent and learned Christian scholars could have been so foolish and craven. -- Daniel J. Harrington America The Aryan Jesus ... is more than a heartbreaking story of principled Christian anti-Judaism. It is also a masterwork of patient archival research... As a history of German anti-Semitism and as an analysis of pronounced themes within Christian theology, Heschel's study is both broad and deep. -- Paula Fredriksen Tablet Heschel's book will rank as an important work of intellectual history, one that provides a penetrating analysis of the mind-set of the institute and its supporters in the ranks of the German Christians. -- Mark E. Ruff Catholic Historical Review Susannah Heschel traces the evolution of the Institute and its various projects with great skill... As an exercise in archival research it scores very highly. The detail is astonishing, and many intriguing points are made about both the origins of Nazism's Christian manifestations and the consequences of learned theologians spouting nonsense in Forties Thuringia. Catholic Herald Heschel tells the story of the Institute for the Study and Eradication of Jewish Influence on German Church Life, showing how politics, theology, racial ideology, and political ambition shaped Nazi-era theological scholarship at one research institute... This well-researched, theologically sensitive book is an important history of a troubling, shameful chapter in Christian history and will be a very important addition for most collections. -- A.W. Klink Choice Susannah Heschel's research is exemplary: she has followed up the careers of many theologians who took part in the attempt to rewrite Christianity. She has command over her subject without overstressing her Jewish sympathies; and this often shocking book is of considerable historical interest. -- Margaret Pawley Church Times Heschel's fascinating account begins not with the Third Reich but in the middle of the 19th century, when the intellectual foundation was laid for a German Christianity without roots in Judaism. Jewish Book World Some may resist reading another book on the Holocaust. Reacting to the title, they may even presume that its findings would be obvious and that examining its contents is unnecessary. That would be a mistake--with regard to the general attitude about the Holocaust and how it relates to Christian identity, as well as to any misplaced assumptions linked to the phrase Aryan Jesus. -- Henry Knight Christian Century Carefully researched, tightly written, this is an important contribution to the study of Christianity in Nazi Germany... This is a book that deserves our attention--whether we are biblical scholars, contextual theologians or church historians. -- Anthony Egan Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae Heschel's work is beautifully written and densely packed with countless examples of the ways in which the institute's theologians used their own anti-Judaic theology to support the regime's antisemitic policies, to which they lent considerable support... The book will be essential reading for all scholars of the Third Reich and the role of religion in the National Socialist state. -- Beth A. Griech-Polelle H-Net Reviews Heschel's Aryan Jesus is a probing and profoundly disturbing work. Its provocative conclusions invite further research into Christian anti-Semitism, Christian responses to the Holocaust, and the influence of ideology on historical Jesus studies. The text is enhanced by an extensive bibliography and illustrations of Nazi Christian art and architecture. Historians, Scripture scholars, clergy, seminarians, and advanced undergraduates will profit greatly from this outstanding study. -- Peter A. Huff Anglican Theological Review Every good book should provoke and The Aryan Jesus does not disappoint. Heschel's book should spark debate, which no doubt will center on her depiction of the Confessing Church... Heschel's mixture of meticulous scholarship and intellectual provocation will hopefully be read widely and, thus, stimulate more discussion of complicity and false martyrdom. -- Kevin Ostoyich German Studies Review Original, compelling, and deeply disturbing, this book also dispels several ingrained post-1945 West German myths... [T]he account raises pressing questions concerning the difference between Catholic and Protestant theology and church history with regard to race and the history of the study of Judaism after the war. -- Amos Morris-Reich Journal of Religion Heschel's long-anticipated contribution to this historiography is a work that is not only of immense importance and insight empirically but also one that attempts analytically and conceptually to break away from prior narratives. -- Richard Steigmann-Gall American Historical Review The Aryan Jesus is a worthy, indeed essential addition to [the] body of scholarship. Heschel has written a dense and multifaceted study. -- Christopher R. Browning Studies in Contemporary Jewry Aryan Jesus is not only a clear demonstration of the Christian legitimization of the Nazi Holocaust, but also a provocative entrance into the current debates about the relationship of Nazism and Christianity and the identification of Nazism as a political religion. -- Kyle T. Jantzen Journal of Church History In addition to her contributions to Jewish-Christian dialogue, Heschel provides important insights into the collaboration of the professions during the Third Reich. Indirectly, her work also has much to add to the emerging discussion on the religious inflection of German nationalism. -- Shelley Baranowski The Historian Historian Susannah Heschel was 'the first American, the first Jew, and the first person with a laptop' to enter the Institute's archives at Eisenach. She did not emerge empty-handed. -- Leslie Jones Quarterly Review