The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy

The growth of technological and scientific knowledge in the past two centuries has been the overriding dynamic element in the economic and social history of the world. Its result is now often called the knowledge economy. But what are the historical origins of this revolution and what have been its mechanisms? In The Gifts of Athena, Joel Mokyr constructs an original framework to analyze the concept of "useful" knowledge. He argues that the growth explosion in the modern West in the past two centuries was driven not just by the appearance of new technological ideas but also by the improved access to these ideas in society at large--as made possible by social networks comprising universities, publishers, professional sciences, and kindred institutions. Through a wealth of historical evidence set in clear and lively prose, he shows that changes in the intellectual and social environment and the institutional background in which knowledge was generated and disseminated brought about the Industrial Revolution, followed by sustained economic growth and continuing technological change. Mokyr draws a link between intellectual forces such as the European enlightenment and subsequent economic changes of the nineteenth century, and follows their development into the twentieth century. He further explores some of the key implications of the knowledge revolution. Among these is the rise and fall of the "factory system" as an organizing principle of modern economic organization. He analyzes the impact of this revolution on information technology and communications as well as on the public's state of health and the structure of households. By examining the social and political roots of resistance to new knowledge, Mokyr also links growth in knowledge to political economy and connects the economic history of technology to the New Institutional Economics. The Gifts of Athena provides crucial insights into a matter of fundamental concern to a range of disciplines including economics, economic history, political economy, the history of technology, and the history of science.

Table of Contents:
Preface xi Chapter 1: Technology and the Problem of Human Knowledge 1 Chapter 2: The Industrial Enlightenment: The Taproot of Economic Progress 28 Chapter 3: the Industrial Revolution and Beyond 78 Chapter 4: Technology and the Factory System 119 Chapter 5: Knowledge, Health, and th Household 163 Chapter 6: the Political Economy of Knowledge: Innovation and Resistance in Economic History 218 Chapter 7: Institutions, Knowledge, and Economic Growth 284 References 299 Index 339

About the Author :
Joel Mokyr is the Robert H. Strotz Professor of Arts and Sciences, and Professor of Economics and History, at Northwestern University. He is the author of the widely acclaimed The Lever of Riches and editor of the Oxford University Press Encyclopedia of Economic History. He is a former editor of the Journal of Economic History and President Elect of the Economic History Association.

Review :
One of Choice's Outstanding Academic Titles for 2003 Winner of the 2003 Don K. Price Award "For most economists, Mr. Mokyr included, the Industrial Revolution is categorically different from everything that preceded it... [He] suggests that, over time, growth will win out, if only because the power of certain ideas is greater than the resistance to them. So much the better."--Nic Schulz, Wall Street Journal "[A] masterful addition to literatures of economic history and economic growth. The product of a lifetime of scholarly study and reflection, Mokyr's book plainly did not spring full-blown from the head of Zeus. It merits a wide readership."--William F. Shughart II, EH.Net "The Gifts of Athena is an impressive study that clearly reveals Mokyr's mastery of a large literature on industrialization and economic growth... Joel Mokyr has long concerned himself with big questions and making connections that delineate historical processes in new and interesting ways. The Gifts of Athena with its special emphasis on the centrality of the 'knowledge economy,' amply testifies to his stature as a leading historian of the Industrial Revolution."--Merritt Roe Smith, Isis "[A] fascinating, magisterial investigation into the wellsprings of modern economic growth and improved living standards... The Gifts of Athena is a big-idea history book, a complex tale that interweaves science, technology, economics, sociology, and political science... This is one that will stand the test of time."--Christopher Farrell, Business Week "Situated firmly at the intersection of several disciplines--the history of science and technology, economic history, and economics--this fascinating and stimulating book explores the relationships among the expansion of knowledge, technological change, and economic growth since the 18th century."--Choice "Mokyr argues that knowledge is the key to understanding many of the most important developments in the past two centuries. The book is impressively wide ranging in its scope, containing a vast array of information and ideas... I would hesitate to say the Mokyr has solved the problems of why the industrial revolution happened, but he would appear to have advanced the story a long way. This book is a fascinating integration of intellectual and economic history"--Roger E. Backhouse, American Historical Review "Joel Mokyr, as one of the most important economic historians of our time, has written an instructive book about the knowledge-based origins of the rise and the future persistence of the Western World... This book should be read not only by scholars, but also by politicians!"--Helmut Braun, Journal of European Economic History