Descartes's Method of Doubt

Descartes thought that we could achieve absolute certainty by starting with radical doubt. He adopts this strategy in the Meditations on First Philosophy, where he raises sweeping doubts with the famous dream argument and the hypothesis of an evil demon. But why did Descartes think we should take these exaggerated doubts seriously? And if we do take them seriously, how did he think any of our beliefs could ever escape them? Janet Broughton undertakes a close study of Descartes's first three meditations to answer these questions and to present a fresh way of understanding precisely what Descartes was up to. Broughton first contrasts Descartes's doubts with those of the ancient skeptics, arguing that Cartesian doubt has a novel structure and a distinctive relation to the commonsense outlook of everyday life. She then argues that Descartes pursues absolute certainty by uncovering the conditions that make his radical doubt possible. She gives a unified account of how Descartes uses this strategy, first to find certainty about his own existence and then to argue that God exists. Drawing on this analysis, Broughton provides a new way to understand Descartes's insistence that he hasn't argued in a circle, and she measures his ambitions against those of contemporary philosophers who use transcendental arguments in their efforts to defeat skepticism. The book is a powerful contribution both to the history of philosophy and to current debates in epistemology.

Table of Contents:
Preface ix Abbreviations xv Introduction 1 The Method of Doubt and Other Cartesian Methods 2 The Method of Doubt and Descartes 's Conception of Knowledge 7 Descartes 's Reasons for Deploying the Method of Doubt 10 PART ONE: Raising Doubt CHAPTER 1: Who Is Doubting? 21 The Meditator as Anyone 22 The Meditator as Scholastic Philosopher or Person of Common Sense 26 The Meditator's Problematic Persona 28 CHAPTER 2: Ancient Skepticism 33 Academic Skepticism as a Criticism of Stoic Epistemology 34 Pyrrhonian Reflection 37 CHAPTER 3: Reasons for Suspending Judgment 42 The Maxim for Assent 43 High Strategy 49 Withholding Assent and Bracketing Beliefs 54 CHAPTER 4: Reasons for Doubt 62 Skeptical Scenarios as Explanations for False Beliefs 64 Radical Grounds and the Method of Doubt 67 CHAPTER 5: Common Sense and Skeptical Reflection 72 Michael Williams's Reading 74 Contrasts between Ancient Skeptics and Descartes's Meditator 78 Contrasts between Contemporary Philosophers and Descartes 82 PART TWO: Using Doubt CHAPTER 6: Using Doubt 97 Conditions of Using Doubt 98 Suggestive Texts 101 Three Types of Dependence Argument 104 CHAPTER 7: Inner Conditions 108 The Cogito First Reading 109 My Existence as a Condition of My Doubt 114 "I think" 120 Careful Self-Attributions as Conditions of Doubt 131 CHAPTER 8: Outer Conditions 144 The Idea of God 146 Causal Principles 153 The Physical World 170 CHAPTER 9: Reflections 175 The Cartesian Circle 175 Transcendental Arguments 186 The Fate of Common Sense 196 References 203 Index 211

About the Author :
Janet Broughton is Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley.

Review :
"This is a brilliant book, written in a flowing and elegant prose that belies the extraordinary erudition, and philosophical rigor and subtlety which it contains."--Jorge Secada, Philosophical Quarterly "In this clearly written and engaging book, Broughton argues that the method of doubt is in fact constructive, a strategy for uncovering the first principles of philosophy by showing that the truth of certain beliefs is a condition for the method of doubt."--Deborah Boyle, Philosophy in Review "Simply put, this is a superb book. It provides a deep, learned, and philosophically engaging reading of the method of doubt as laid out in the first three meditations... Exemplary in its capacity to seamlessly combine scholarly debate, history of ideas and original philosophising in a clear and lively prose style. The book will be an essential reference in future discussions of Descartes and his method of doubt."--David Macarthur, Philosophical Books "Descartes's Method of Doubt offers a compelling new reading of what the method of doubt involves, and of the work that it does in the Meditations... Broughton's book must count as a significant contribution to Cartesian studies and early modern philosophy, and it is surely one that will be accorded close attention by scholars in the field... [I]t is clearly and elegantly written... incisive, insightful and illuminating."--Cecilia Wee, British Journal for the History of Philosophy