The Program Era: Postwar Fiction and the Rise of Creative Writing

McGurl offers a fundamental reinterpretation of postwar American fiction, asserting that it can be properly understood only in relation to the rise of mass higher education and the creative writing program. The Program Era will be at the center of debates about postwar literature and culture for years to come.

Table of Contents:
Introduction: Halls of Mirror 1 PART ONE: "Write What You Know"/"Show Don't Tell" (1890-1960) 1 Autobardolatry: Modernist Fiction, Progressive Education, "Creative Writing" 77 2 Understanding Iowa: The Religion of Institutionalization 127 PART TWO: "Find Your Voice" (1960-1975) 3 The Social Construction of Unreality: Creative Writing in the Open System 183 4 Our Phonocentrism: Finding the Voice of the (Minority) Storyteller 227 PART THREE: Creative Writing at Large (1975-2008) 5 The Hidden Injuries of Craft: Mass Higher Education and Lower-Middle-Class Modernism 273 6 Art and Alma Mater: The Family, the Nation, and the Primal Scene of Instruction 321 7 Miniature America; or, The Program in Transplanetary Perspective 361 Afterword: Systematic Excellence 399

About the Author :
Mark McGurl is Associate Professor of English at the University of California, Los Angeles.

Review :
[There's] much food for thought in what [McGurl] has to say about literary trends. Most, interesting, though, is his sensitive exploration of the interplay between individual writers and the Creative Writing programs...Opinionated and lively...He delivers a cornucopia of exciting new ideas and insights in a work which will be indispensable reading for teachers and students of creative writing, and for anyone interested in modern fiction...[A] complex, energetic and fascinating book. -- Eilis Ni Dhuibhne Irish Times 20090418 McGurl does have some smart things to say about the evolution of this creative writing movement--he documents it as part of the rise of progressive education in general--and about the many paradoxes involved when universities get in the business of trying to structure, codify and reward artistic endeavor. -- Charles McGrath New York Times 20090419 What has the movement of postwar writing into the university done to our literature?...The obvious nature of this question only places the decades-long lack of a proper answer in higher relief. It is proportionately exhilarating to find, in Mark McGurl's The Program Era, a brilliant and comprehensive mind developing one at last. McGurl trains his gaze on the university writing programs and some of the masterful novelists they have incubated. But he makes his most compelling arguments at the level of the writer's practical place in the academy, examining the distorting (and enabling) effects of university discipline on individual artists, and considering the wider role of "creative writing" within a chain of notions of creativity (lasting from high school to the service-economy workplace) that inculcate skills for late-capitalist life...McGurl gives the best account I have seen of [Flannery] O'Connor's cruel maximization of "ironic distance"; in her third-person narration, she aspires, as he puts it, almost "to the unimaginable condition of fourth person narration--narration from a higher dimension." His pages on Raymond Carver and '80s minimalism, a mode that "came to be seen, oversimplifing the case drastically, as the 'house style' of the creative writing program," are similarly unrivaled...McGurl's clear-sighted exposure of the hidden institutional background of postwar literary production is one of the first reliable signs that we will finally see that era thoroughly anatomized in a new generation of scholarship. -- Mark Greif Bookforum 20090601 McGurl's book is not a history of creative-writing programs. It's a history of twentieth-century fiction, in which the work of American writers from Thomas Wolfe to Bharati Mukherjee is read as reflections of, and reflections on, the educational system through which so many writers now pass...The Program Era is an impressive and imaginative book. -- Louis Menand New Yorker 20090608 McGurl performs a complicated series of critical and interpretive maneuvers in The Program Era. He describes in detail how the institutionalization of creative writing "has transformed the conditions under which American literature is produced" and how that has "converted the Pound Era into the Program Era." -- Jennifer Howard Chronicle of Higher Education 20090629 [A] fascinating and (at times) beautifully argued book...[It] introduced me to many forgotten or unfairly neglected authors whose books I will seek out, as well as provocatively repositioning unlikely authors such as Raymond Carver as academic intellectuals. -- Matt Thorne Catholic Herald 20090626 If you find postwar American fiction interesting, you may wish to explore the academic system that begat it: a story well told by The Program Era. -- David Gewanter Times Higher Education Supplement 20090903 A remarkably generous, unusually inclusive, and irresistibly buoyant work of literary criticism and scholarship. -- Brian Lennon Electronic Book Review 20090731 McGurl's study rises above the conventional thinking to draw some surprising conclusions about how the proliferation of creative writing courses has shaped American literature for over half a century...The Program Era is an intelligent, persuasive and thought-provoking book; by shifting the focus away from individual writers towards the institutions that nurtured (or inhibited) them, McGurl breaks new critical ground. -- Patrick Langley Times Literary Supplement 20090925