Interpretation of Data
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Interpretation of Data: an Introduction to Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences

Interpretation of Data: an Introduction to Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences


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About the Book

This introductory behavioral statistics text focuses on helping students develop an understanding of the theories and principles behind inferential statistics without stressing the mathematics behind those principles. Each new concept is introduced in the context of real-life research situations. This very readable text was written for students with limited mathematics backgrounds and helps them develop the skills needed to interpret data. The author explains concepts simply, usually relying on prose rather than a series of mathematical formulas. The author describes his approach as being relatively heavy on theory and relatively light on mathematics. Mathematical formulas are introduced only when they are necessary. Theories are presented in ways that are accessible, as Tropper appeals to students' intuition and reasoning. Word problems and numerical examples are provided in abundance to give students plenty of opportunities for practice.

Table of Contents:
1. An Introduction to Statistics. Descriptive Statistics. Inferential Statistics. PART I: AN INTRODUCTION TO DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS. 2. Measurement. Levels of Measurement. The Hierarchical Nature of Measurement. Measures of Central Tendency. Nominal Versus Numerical Data. Levels of Precision. 3. Measurements of Frequency. Measures of Absolute Frequency. Measures of Relative Frequency. Probabilities. 4. Graphic Representation of Frequency Distributions. Bar Charts. Histograms. Polygons. 5. Measures of Position and Measures of Dispersion. Measures of Position. Measures of Dispersion. 6. The Standard Normal Distribution. The Shape of the Standard Normal Distribution. The Area Under the Curve of the Standard Normal Distribution. Percentiles of the Standard Normal Distribution. The z Scores at the Extremes of a Standard Normal Distribution. 7. Non-Standard Normal Distributions. The Parameters of a Normal Distribution. Relating Raw Scores to z Scores. Relating Raw Scores to Measures of Relative Frequency. Relating Raw Scores to Percentiles. PART II: AN INTRODUCTION TO INFERENTIAL STATISTICS. 8. An Introduction to Hypothesis Testing I: Basic Theory and the z Test. The Basic Theory of Hypothesis Testing. The Relationship Between Populations and Samples. The Test Statistic. The Seven Steps of Hypothesis Testing. But What If the Observation Falls Outside the Critical Region? 9. An Introduction to Hypothesis Testing II: Directional Research Hypotheses and Hypothesis Test Errors. Directional Research Hypotheses. Hypothesis Test Errors. 10. The z Test of the Mean of a Sample of Size n. The Mechanics of a z Test of the Mean of a Sample of Size n. The Theory Behind a z Test of the Mean of a Sample of Size n. 11. The t Test of the Mean of a Sample. The Problem of the Unknown Standard Deviation. The t Statistic. Performing a t Test of the Mean of a Sample. Comparing the Mean of a Test Population to Any Given Value. 12. The t Test of the Difference Between the Means of Independent Samples. Independent Samples. The Null Hypothesis for a t Test of the Difference Between the Means of Independent Samples. The Alternative Hypothesis for a t Test of the Difference Between the Means of Independent Samples. The Sample Statistic for a t Test of the Difference Between the Means of Independent Samples. The Critical Region for a t Test of the Difference Between the Means of Independent Samples. Completing a t Test of the Difference Between the Means of Independent Samples. 13. The t Test of the Difference Between the Means of Related Samples. Samples of Related Data. Testing for a Significant Difference Between the Means of Related Samples. 14. Confidence Intervals. The Confidence Interval of an Estimate of the Mean of a Population. The Confidence Interval of an Estimate of a Proportion. Minimum Differences. PART III: APPLICATIONS OF INFERENTIAL STATISTICS. 15. One-Way Analyses of Variance. The One-Way Analysis of Variance for Independent Samples. The One-Way Analysis of Variance for Related Samples. The Theory Behind the Analysis of Variance. Using a One-Way Analysis of Variance as an Alternative to Multiple t Tests. The Mechanics of Calculating a One-Way Analysis of Variance. 16. Factorial Analyses of Variance. Factorial Designs with Factors of Independent Scores. Factorial Designs with Factors of Related Scores. Going Beyond the Basic Factorial Design. 17. Correlation. Assessing the Relationship Between Scores on Two Variables. The Correlation Coefficient. 18. Regression. Simple Regression. Multiple Regression. 19. Analyses of Covariance. The Theory of Covariance. Factorial Analyses of Covariance. 20. Nonparametric Tests of Differences Between Frequencies and Differences Between Proportions. The Sign Test of the Difference Between Frequencies. The Chi-Square Test of the Difference Among Frequencies. The Chi-Square Test of Goodness of Fit. The Chi-Square Test of the Difference Between Proportions. 21. Nonparametric Tests of Differences in Central Tendency. The Mann-Whitney U Test. The Sign Test of the Difference Between Related Samples. The Wilcoxon T Test. Appendix A: Statistical Tables. A-1. Proportions of the Normal Curve. A-2. Critical Values of t. A-3. Critical Values of F. A-4. Critical Values of Q. A-5. Critical Values of r. A-6. Critical Values of n (for the Sign Test). A-7. Critical Values of X squared. A-8A. Critical Values of U for @ = .05 A-8 B. Critical Values of U for @ = .01. A-9. Critical Values of T. A-10. Probabilities of the Binomial Distribution. Appendix B: The CellWise System. B.1. Installing CellWise. B.2. An Overview of the CellWise System. B.3. Performing a t Test. B.4. Advanced Data Processing Features. B.5. Advanced Data Entry and Editing Features. List of Mathematical and Statistical Symbols Used in this Text. List of Formulas Presented in this Text. Glossary. References. Answers to Selected Exercises. Index.


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Product Details
  • ISBN-13: 9780534353964
  • Publisher: Cengage Learning, Inc
  • Publisher Imprint: Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc
  • Height: 282 mm
  • Returnable: N
  • Sub Title: an Introduction to Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences
  • Width: 218 mm
  • ISBN-10: 0534353967
  • Publisher Date: 06 Feb 1998
  • Binding: Hardback
  • Language: English
  • Spine Width: 28 mm
  • Weight: 1110 gr


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