Theory and Practice of Perspective

Table of Contents:
Book I: The Necessity of the Study of Perspective to Painters, Sculptors, and Architects What is Perspective? The Theory of Perspective: I. Definitions II. The Point of Sight, the Horizon, and the Point of Distance III. Point of Distance IV. Perspective of a Point, Visual Rays, &c. V. Trace and Projection VI. Scientific Definition of Perspective Rules: VII. The Rules and Conditions of Perspective VIII. A Table or Index of the Rules of Perspective Book II: IX. The Square in Parallel Perspective X. The Diagonal XI. The Square XII. Geometrical and Perspective Figures Contrasted XIII. Of Certain Terms made use of in Perspective XIV. How to Measure Vanishing or Receding Lines XV. How to Place Squares in Given Positions XVI. How to Draw Pavements, &c. XVII. Of Squares placed Vertically and at Different Heights, or the Cube in Parallel Perspective XVIII. The Transposed Distance XIX. The Front View of the Square and of the Proportions of Figures at Different Heights XX. Of Pictures that are Painted according to the Position they are to Occupy XXI. Interiors XXII. The Square at an Angle of 45 XXIII. The Cube at an Angle of 45 XXIV. Pavements Drawn by Means of Squares at 45 XXV. The Perspective Vanishing Scale XXVI. The Vanishing Scale can be Drawn to any Point on the Horizon XXVII. Application of Vanishing Scales to Drawing Figures XXVIII. How to Determine the Heights of Figures on a Level Plane XXIX. The Horizon above the Figures XXX. Landscape Perspective XXXI. Figures of Different Heights. The Chessboard XXXII. Application of the Vanishing Scale to Drawing Figures at an Angle when their Vanishing Points are Inaccessible or Outside the Picture XXXIII. The Reduced Distance. How to Proceed when the Point of Distance is Inaccessible XXXIV. How to Draw a Long Passage or Cloister by Means of the Reduced Distance XXXV. How to Form a Vanishing Scale that shall give the Height, Depth, and Distance of any Object in the Picture XXXVI. Measuring Scale on Ground XXXVII. Application of the Reduced Distance and the Vanishing Scale to Drawing a Lighthouse, &c. XXXVIII. How to Measure Long Distances such as a Mile or Upwards XXXIX. Further Illustration of Long Distances and Extended Views XL. How to Ascertain the Relative Heights of Figures on an Inclined Plane XLI. How to Find the Distance of a Given Figure or Point from the Base Line XLII. How to Measure the Height of Figures on Uneven Ground XLIII. Further Illustration of the Size of Figures at Different Distances and on Uneven Ground XLIV. Figures on a Descending Plane XLV. Further Illustration of the Descending Plane XLVI. Further Illustration of Uneven Ground XLVII. The Picture Standing on the Ground XLVIII. The Picture on a Height Book III: XLIX. Angular Perspective L. How to put a Given Point into Perspective LI. A Perspective Point being given, Find its Position on the Geometrical Plane LII. How to put a Given Line into Perspective LIII. To Find the Length of a Given Perspective Line LIV. To Find these Points when the Distance-Point is Inaccessible LV. How to put a Given Triangle or other Rectilineal Figure into Perspective LVI. How to put a Given Square into Angular Perspective LVII. Of Measuring Points LVIII. How to Divide any Given Straight Line into Equal or Proportionate Parts LIX. How to Divide a Diagonal Vanishing Line into any Number of Equal or Proportional Parts LX.-LXI. Further Use of the Measuring Point O LXII. Another Method of Angular Perspective, being that Adopted in our Art Schools LXIII. Two Methods of Angular Perspective in one Figure LXIV. To Draw a Cube, the Points being Given LXV. Amplification of the Cube Applied to Drawing a Cottage LXVI. How to Draw an Interior at an Angle LXVII. How to Correct Distorted Perspective by Doubling the Line of Distance LXVIII. How to Draw a Cube on a Given Square, using only One Vanishing Point LXIX. A Courtyard or Cloister Drawn with One Vanishing Point LXX. How to Draw Lines which shall Meet at a Distant Point, by Means of Diagonals LXXI. How to Divide a Square Placed at an Angle into a Given Number of Small Squares LXXII. Further Example of how to Divide a Given Oblique Square into a Given Number of Equal Squares, say Twenty-five LXXIII. OF Parallels and Diagonals LXXIV. The Square, the Oblong, and their Diagonals LXXV. Showing the Use of the Square and Diagonals in Drawing Doorways, Windows, and other Architectural Features LXXVI. How to Measure Depths by Diagonals LXXVII. How to Measure Distances by the Square and Diagonal LXXVIII. How by Means of the Square and Diagonal we can Determine the Position of Points in Space LXXIX. Perspective of a Point Placed in any Position within the Square LXXX. Perspective of a Square Placed at an Angle. New Method LXXXI. On a Given Line Placed at an Angle to the Base Draw a Square in Angular Perspective, the Point of Sight, and Distance, being given LXXXII. How to Draw Solid Figures at any Angle by the New Method LXXXIII. Points in Space LXXXIV. The Square and Diagonal Applied to Cubes and Solids Drawn Therein LXXXV. To Draw an Oblique Square in Another Oblique Square without Using Vanishing-points LXXXVI. Showing how a Pedestal can be Drawn by the New Method LXXXVII. Scale on Each Side of the Picture LXXXVIII. The Circle LXXXIX. The Circle in Perspective a True Ellipse XC. Further Illustration of the Ellipse XCI. How to Draw a Circle in Perspective Without a Geometrical Plan XCII. How to Draw a Circle in Angular Perspective XCIII. How to Draw a Circle in Perspective more Correctly, by Using Sixteen Guiding Points XCIV. How to Divide a Perspective Circle into any Number of Equal Parts XCV. How to Draw Concentric Circles XCVI. The Angle of the Diameter of the Circle in Angular and Parallel Perspective XCVII. How to Correct Disproportion in teh Width of Columns XCVIII. How to Draw a Circle over a Circle or a Cylinder XCIX. To Draw a Circle Below a Given Circle C. Application of Previous Problem CI. Doric Columns CII. To Draw Semicircles Standing upon a Circle at any Angle CIII. A Dome Standing on a Cylinder CIV. Section of a Dome or Niche CV. A Dome CVI. How to Draw Columns Standing in a Circle CVII. Columns and Capitals CVIII. Method of Perspective Employed by Architects CIX. The Octagon CX. How to Draw the Octagon in Angular Perspective CXI. How to Draw the Octagonal Figure in Angular Perspective CXII. How to Draw Concentric Octagons, with Illustration of a Well CXIII. A Pavement Composed of Octagons and Small Squares CXIV. The Hexagon CXV. A Pavement Composed of Hexagonal Tiles CXVI. A Pavement of Hexagonal Tiles in Angular Perspective CXVII. Further Illustration of the Hexagon CXVIII. Another View of the Hexagon in Angular Perspective CXIX. Application of the Hexagon to Drawing a Kiosk CXX. The Pentagon CXXI. The Pyramid CXXII. The Great Pyramid CXXIII. The PYramid in Angular Perspective CXXIV. To Divide the Sides of the Pyramid Horizontally CXXV. Of Roofs CXXVI. Of ARches, Arcades, Bridges, &c. CXXVII. Outline of an Arcade with Semicircular Arches CXXVIII. Semicircular Arches on a Retreating Plane CXXIX. An Arcade in Angular Perspective CXXX. A Vaulted Ceiling CXXXI. A Cloister, from a Photograph CXXXII. The Low or Elliptical Arch CXXXIII. Opening or Arched Window in a Vault CXXXIV. Stairs, Steps, &c. CXXXV. Steps, Front View CXXXVI. Square Steps CXXXVII. To Divide an Inclined Plane into Equal Parts--such as a Ladder Placed against a Wall CXXXVIII. Steps and the Inclined Plane CXXXIX. Steps in Angular Perspective CXL. A Step Ladder at an Angle CXLI. Square Steps Placed over each other CXLII. Steps and a Double Cross Drawn by Means of Diagonals and one Vanishing Point CXLIII. A Staircase Leading to a Gallery CXLIV. Winding Stairs in a Square Shaft CXLV. Winding Stairs in a Cylindrical Shaft CXLVI. Of the Cylindrical Picture or Diorama CXLVII. The Perspective of Cast Shadows CXLVIII. The Two Kinds of Shadows CXLIX. Shadows Cast by the Sun CL. The Sun in the Same Plane as the Picture CLI. The Sun Behind the Picture CLII. Sun Behind the Picture, Shadows Thrown on a Wall CLIII. Sun Behind the Picture Throwing Shadow on an Inclined Plane CLIV. The Sun in Front of the Picture CLV. The Shadow of an Inclined Plane CLVI. Shadow on a Roof or Inclined Plane CLVII. To Find the Shadow of a Projection or Balcony on a Wall CLVIII. Shadow on a Retreating Wall, Sun in Front CLIX. Shadow of an Arch, Sun in Front CLX. Shadow in a Niche or Recess CLXI. Shadow in an Arched Doorway CLXII. Shadows Produced by Artificial Light CLXIII. Some Observations on Real Light and Shade CLXIV. Reflection CLXV. Angles of Reflection CLXVI. Reflections of Objects at Different Distances CLXVII. Reflections in a Looking-glass CLXVIII. The Mirror at an Angle CLXIX. The Upright Mirror at an Angle of 45 to the Wall CLXX. Mental Perspective