About the Book
Physical, chemical processes in gases at high temperatures are focus of outstanding text, which combines material from gas dynamics, shock-wave theory, thermodynamics and statistical physics, other fields. High temperatures elicit a variety of reactions in gases, including increased molecular vibrations, dissociation, chemical reactions, ionization, and radiation of light. In addition to affecting the motion of the gas, these processes can lead to changes of composition and electrical properties, as well as optical phenomena. These and other processes of extreme conditions - such as occur in explosions, in supersonic flight, in very strong electrical discharges, and in other cases - are the focus of this outstanding text by two leading physicists of the former Soviet Union. The authors deal thoroughly with all the essential physical influences on the dynamics and thermodynamics of continuous media, weaving together material from such disciplines as gas dynamics, shock-wave theory, thermodynamics and statistical physics, molecular physics, spectroscopy, radiation theory, astrophysics, solid-state physics, and other fields. This volume, uniquely comprehensive in the field of high-temperature gas physics and gas dynamics, was edited and annotated by Wallace D. Hayes and Ronald F. Probstein, leading authorities on the flow of gases at very high speeds. It is exceptionally well suited to the needs of graduate students in physics, as well as professors, engineers, and researchers.
Table of Contents:
Preface to the Dover Edition Editors' Foreword Preface to the English Edition Preface to the First Russian Edition Preface to the Second Russian Edition I. Elements of gasdynamics and the classical theory of shock waves 1. Continuous flow of an inviscid nonconducting gas 1. The equations of gasdynamics 2. Lagrangian coordinates 3. Sound waves 4. Spherical sound waves 5. Characteristics 6. Plane isentropic flow. Riemann Invariants 7. Plane isentropic gas flow in a bounded region 8. Simple waves 9. Distortion of the wave form in a traveling wave of finite amplitude. Some properties of simple waves 10. The rarefaction wave 11. The centered rarefaction wave as an example of self-similar gas motion 12. On the impossibility of the existence of a centered compression wave 2. Shock waves 13. Introduction to the gasdynamics of shock waves 14. Hugoniot curves 15. Shock waves in a perfect gas with constant specific heats 16. Geometric interpretation of the laws governing compression shocks 17. Impossibility of rarefaction shock waves in a fluid with normal thermodynamic properties 18. Weak shock waves 19. Shock waves in a fluid with anomalous thermodynamic properties 3. Viscosity and heat conduction in gasdynamics 20. Equations of one-dimensional gas flow 21. Remarks on the second viscosity coefficient 22. Remarks on the absorption of sound 23. The structure and thickness of a weak shock front 4. Various problems 24. Propagation of an arbitrary discontinuity 25. Strong explosion in a homogeneous atmosphere 26. Approximate treatment of a strong explosion 27. Remarks on the point explosion with counterpressure 28. Sudden isentropic expansion of a spherical gas cloud into vacuum 29. Conditions for the self-similar sudden expansion of a gas cloud into vacuum II. Thermal radiation and radiant heat exchange in a medium 1. Introduction and basic concepts 2. Mechanisms of emission, absorption, and scattering of light in gases 3. Equilibrium radiation and the concept of a perfect black body 4. Induced emission 4a. Induced emission of radiation in the classical and quantum theories and the laser effect 5. The radiative transfer equation 6. Integral expressions for the radiation intensity 7. Radiation fromm a plane layer 8. The brightness temperature of the surface of a nonuniformly heated body 9. Motion of a fluid taking into account radiant heat exchange 10. The diffusion approximation 11. The "forward-reverse" approximation 12. Local equilibrium and the approximation of radiation heat conduction 13. Relationship between the diffusion approximation and the radiation heat conduction approximation 14. Radiative equilibrium in stellar photospheres 15. Solution to the plane photosphere problem 16. Radiation energy losses of a heated body 17. Hydrodynamic equations accounting for radiation energy and pressure and radiant heat exchange 18. The number of photons as an invariant of the classical electromagnetic field III. Thermodynamic properties of gases at high temperatures 1. Gas of noninteracting particles 1. Perfect gas with constant specific heats and invariant number of particles 2. Calculation of thermodynamic functions using partition functions 3. Dissociation of diatomic molecules 4. Chemical reactions 5. Ionization and electronic excitation 6. The electronic partition function and the role of the excitation energy of atoms 7. Approximate methods of calculation in the region of multiple ionization 8. Interpolation formulas and the effective adiabatic exponent 9. The Hugoniot curve with dissociation and ionization 10. The Hugoniot relations with equilibrium radiation 2. Gases with Coulomb interactions 11. Rarefied ionized gases 12. Dense gases. Elements of Fermi-Dirac statistics for an electron gas 13. The Thomas-Fermi model of an atom and highly compressed cold materials 14. Calculation of thermodynamic functions of a hot dense gas by the Thomas-Fermi method IV. Shock tubes 1. The use of shock tubes for studying kinetics in chemical physics 2. Principle of operation 3. Elementary shock tube theory 4. Electromagnetic shock tubes 5. Methods of measurement for various quantities V. Absorption and emission of radiation in gases at high temperatures 1. Introduction. Types of electronic transitions 1. Continuous spectra 2. Bremsstrahlung emission from an electron in the Coulomb field of an ion 2a. Bremsstrahlung emission from an electron scattered by a neutral atom 3. Free-free transitions in a high-temperature ionized gas 4. Cross section for the capture of an electron by an ion with the emission of a photon 5. Cross section for the bound-free absorption of light by atoms and ions 6. Continuous absorption coeficient in a gas of hydrogen-like atoms 7. Continuous absorption of light in a monatomic gas in the singly ionized region 8. Radiation mean free paths for multiply ionized gas atoms VI. Rates of Relaxation Processes in Gases VII. Shock Wave Structure in Gases VIII. Physical and chemical kinetics in hydrodynamic processes 1. Dynamics of a nonequilibrium gas 1. The gasdynamic equations in the absence of thermodynamic equilibrium 2. Entropy increase 3. Anomalous dispersion and absorption of ultrasound 4. The dispersion law and the absorption coefficient for ultrasound 2. Chemical reactions 5. Oxidation of nitrogen in strong explosions in air 3. Disturbance of thermodynamic equilibrium in the sudden expansion of a gas into vacuum 6. Sudden expansion of a gas cloud 7. Freezing effect 8. Disturbance of ionization equilibrium 9. The kinetics of recombination and cooling of the gas following the disturbance of ionization equilibrium 4. Vapor condensation in an isentropic expansion 10. Saturated vapor and the origin of condensation centers 11. The thermodynamics and kinetics of the condensation process 12. Condensation in a cloud of evaporated fluid suddenly expanding into vacuum 13. On the problem of the mechanism of formation of cosmic dust. Remarks on laboratory investigations of condensation IX. Radiative phenomena in shock waves and in strong explosions in air 1. Luminosity of strong shock fronts in gases 1. Qualitative dependence of the brightness temperature on the true temperature behind the front 2. Photon absorption in cold air 3. Maximum brightness temperature for air 4. Limiting luminosity of very strong waves in air 2. Optical phenomena observed in strong explosions and the cooling of the air by radiation 5. Gen 12. The spark discharge in air 3. Structure of cooling wave fronts 13. Statement of the problem 14. Radiation flux from the surface of the wave front 15. Temperature distribution in the front of a strong wave 16. Consideration of adiabatic cooling X. Thermal waves 1. The thermal conductivity of a fluid 2. Nonlinear (radiation) heat conduction 3. Characteristic features of heat propagation by linear and nonlinear heat conduction 4. The law of propagation of thermal waves from an instantaneous plane source 5. Self-similar thermal waves from an instantaneous plane source 6. Propagation of heat from an instantaneous point source 7. Some self-similar plane problems 8. Remarks on the penetration of heat into moving media 9. Self-similar solutions as limiting solutions of nonself-similar problems 10. Heat transfer by nonequilibrium radiation XI. Shock waves in solids 1. Introduction 1. Thermodynamic properties of solids at high pressures and temperatures 2. Compression of a cold material 3. Thermal motion of atoms 4. Equation of state for a material whose atoms undergo small vibrations 5. Thermal excitation of electrons 6. A three-term equation of state 2. The Hugoniot curve 7. Hugoniot curve for a condensed substance 8. Analytical representation of Hugoniot curves 9. Weak shock waves 10. Shock compression of porous materials 11. Emergence of weak shock waves from the free surface of a solid 12. Experimental methods of determining Hugoniot curves for solids 13. Determination of cold compression curves from the results of shock compression experiments 3. Acoustic waves and splitting of waves 14. Static deformation of a solid 15. Transition of a solid medium into the plastic state 16. Propagation speed of acoustic waves 17. Splitting of compression and unloading waves 18. Measurement of the speed of sound in a material compressed by a shock wave 19. Phase transitions and splitting of shock waves 20. Rarefaction shock waves in a medium undergoing a phase transition 4. Phenomena associated with the emergence of a very strong shock wave at the free surface of a body 21. Limiting cases of the solid and gaseous states of an unloaded material 22. Criterion for complete vaporization of a material on unloading 23. Experimental determination of temperature and entropy behind a very strong shock by investigating the unloaded material in the gas phase 24. Luminosity of metallic vapors in unloading 25. Remarks on the basic possibility of measuring the entropy behind a shock wave from the luminosity during unloading 5. Some other phenomena 26. Electrical conductivity of nonmetals behind shock waves 27. Measuring the index of refraction of a material compressed by a shock wave XII. Some self-similar processes in gasdynamics 1. Introduction 1. Transformation groups admissible by the gasdynamic equations 2. Self-similar motions 3. Conditions for self-similar motion 4. Two types of self-similar solutions 2. Implosion of a spherical shock wave and the collapse of bubbles in a liquid 5. Statement of the problem of an imploding shock wave 6. Basic equations 7. Analysis of the equations 8. Numerical results for the solutions 9. Collapse of bubbles. The Rayleigh problem 10. Collapse of bubbles. Effect of compressibility and viscosity 3. The emergence of a shock wave at the surface of a star 11. Propagation of a shock wave for a power-law decrease in density 12. On explosions of supernovae and the origin of cosmic rays 4. Motion of a gas under the action of an impulsive load 13. Statement of the problem and general character of the motion 14. Self-similar solutions and the energy and momentum conservation laws 15. Solution of the equations 16. Limitations on the similarity exponent imposed by conservation of momentum and energy 17. Passage of the nonself-similar motion into the limiting regime and the "infinite" energy in the self-similar solution 18. Concentrated impact on the surface of a gas (explosion at the surface) 19. Results from simplified considerations of the self-similar motions for concentrated and line impacts 20. Impact of a very high-speed meteorite on the surface of a planet 21. Strong explosion in an infinite porous medium 5. Propagation of shock waves in an inhomogeneous atmosphere with an exponential density distribution 22. Strong point explosion 23. Self-similar motion of a shock wave in the direction of increasing density 24. Application of the self-similar solution to an explosion 25. Self-similar motion of a shock wave in the direction of decreasing density application to an explosion Cited References Appendix: Some often used constants, relations between units, and formulas Author Index, Subject Index
About the Author :
Son of a Gambling Man
Ronald F. Probstein, Ford Professor of Engineering, Emeritus, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has had a long career in engineering research and has made significant contributions in many areas from ballistic missile design, to hypersonic flight theory, to the field of synthetic fuels, a subject of obvious importance to everyone. His 1959 book, Hypersonic Flow Theory, co-authored with Wallace D. Hayes, and reprinted by Dover in 2004 as Hypersonic Inviscid Flow, is still the basic book on this subject. Synthetic Fuels, written with R. Edwin Hicks, is certainly one of the most important and timely engineering texts ever reprinted by Dover.
In addition to their own writings, Probstein and Hayes edited the English translation of a major text by two distinguished Russian physicists, Ya. B. Zel'dovich and Yu. P. Raizer, Physics of Shock Waves and High-Temperature Hydrodynamic Phenomena.
However, Dr. Probstein's literary legacy isn't all about hard science. In 2009 he published an evocatively entertaining memoir of his father and their life in Depression-era New York, Honest Sid: Memoir of a Gambling Man. Even though not a Dover book, it is certainly highly recommended.
Critical Acclaim for Physics of Shock Waves and High-Temperature Hydrodynamic Phenomena:
"The republication by Dover Publications of this masterwork by Ya. B. Zel'dovich and Yu. P. Raizer will be welcomed by all workers dealing with high-temperature (radiating) flows. This book is a virtual 'bible' for studies of shocks and radiation fronts in high speed aeronautics, astronautics (re-entry), astrophysics, fireballs, shock tubes, and very intense explosions.
Zel'dovich was a physicist of extraordinary breadth of interests. The style of this book is to give heuristic explanations followed by rigorous analysis. It is insightful for both beginning students and researchers in the field. This book is an ABSOLUTE MUST for anyone working on the subjects listed above."
"I URGE anyone working in astrophysics and high-temperature flow physics to buy, read, enjoy, and be enlightened by this masterpiece." -- Dimitri Mihalas, co-author of Foundations of Radiation Hydrodynamics
